ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2019
Education protects against coronary heart disease and stroke independently of cognitive function: evidence from Mendelian randomization.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mendelian randomization studies on ischemic stroke: a field synopsis and systematic review.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association between the gut microbiota and diabetic nephropathy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Renal failure · 2024Pooled it
- Genetically Predicted Apolipoprotein E Levels with the Risk of Panvascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2024Pooled it
- The causal relationship between serum metabolites and the risk of psoriasis: a Mendelian randomization and meta-analysis study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Appraising the Causal Role of Risk Factors in Coronary Artery Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Pooled it
- Genetically predicted education attainment in relation to somatic and mental health.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Plasma lipid levels and risk of primary open angle glaucoma: a genetic study using Mendelian randomization.BMC ophthalmology · 2020Pooled it
- Can increasing years of schooling reduce type 2 diabetes (T2D)?: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization of T2D and 10 of its risk factors.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Multiomics integration prioritizes potential drug targets for lung cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Age at Coronary Heart Disease Onset, Genetic Susceptibility, and Subsequent Risk of Stroke.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Constructing a protein-protein interaction network for autoimmune liver diseases by integrating pQTL, rQTL, and mediation analyses.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Evidence of increased risk of five psychiatric disorders due to antidepressants.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- A potential drug target in epilepsy and its role in other neurological disorders.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Multimodal evidence for the association between muscle mass and NAFLD: insights from hospital-based data, NHANES and mendelian randomization.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Causal relationship between chronic kidney disease, renal function, and venous thromboembolism: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Integrative analysis of serum lipids and chronic gastritis: causal insights from mendelian randomization and experimental models.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- One-carbon metabolism and risk of PCOS: insights from Mendelian randomization.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Article
- Genetic Liability to Bone Mineral Density and Functional Outcome After Ischemic Stroke.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Shared Plasma Metabolites Mediate Causal Effects of Metabolic Diseases on Colorectal Cancer: A Two-Step Mendelian Randomization Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- The Causal Relationships Between Inflammatory Proteins, Brain Structure, and Psychiatric Disorders: A Two-Step Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is evidence that education protects against cardiovascular disease. However, it is not known whether such an effect is independent of cognition.
methodsWe performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to investigate the effect of education and cognition, respectively, on risk of CHD and ischaemic stroke. Additionally, we used multivariable MR to adjust for the effects of cognition and education in the respective analyses to measure the effects of these traits independently of each other.
resultsIn unadjusted MR, there was evidence that education is causally associated with both CHD and stroke risk [CHD: odds ratio (OR) 0.65 per 1-standard deviation (SD; 3.6 years) increase in education; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.70, stroke: OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.69-0.86]. This effect persisted after adjusting for cognition in multivariable MR (CHD: OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.65-0.89, stroke OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.59-0.92). Cognition had an apparent effect on CHD risk in unadjusted MR (OR per 1-SD increase 0.80; 95% CI 0.74-0.85), however after adjusting for education this was no longer observed (OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.86-1.25). Cognition did not have any notable effect on the risk of developing ischaemic stroke, with (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.87-1.08) or without adjustment for education (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.79-1.36).
conclusionsThis study provides evidence to support that education protects against CHD and ischaemic stroke risk independently of cognition, but does not provide evidence to support that cognition protects against CHD and stroke risk independently of education. These findings could have implications for education and health policy.
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