ArticleEnvironmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)2019
Long-term exposure to greenspace and metabolic syndrome: A Whitehall II study.
Article in Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of greenspaces exposure with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Is Greenness Associated with Dementia? A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.Current environmental health reports · 2022Pooled it
- The Differences by Sex and Gender in the Relationship Between Urban Greenness and Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Relationship between Green and Blue Spaces with Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Observational Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- The impact of housing and high-fructose diet on behavior and cardiovascular response to eucalyptus wildfire smoke in WKY rats.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A · 2026Article
- Effect of green space in the workplace on hearing thresholds in noise exposed population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Residential greenness and diabetes incidence in two prospective cohorts of US women.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Associations between environmental air pollution, greenspace and apparent biological aging: a cross-sectional study.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Air pollution, greenspace, and metabolic syndrome in older Czech and Swiss populations.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Multiple Environmental Exposures and the Development of Hypertension in a Prospective US-Based Cohort of Female Nurses: A Mixture Analysis.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Simulating the impact of greenspace exposure on metabolic biomarkers in a diverse population living in San Diego, California: A g-computation application.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Tree-Based Machine Learning to Identify Predictors of Psoriasis Incidence at the Neighborhood Level: A Populational Study from Quebec, Canada.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2024Article
- Lower regional urbanicity and socioeconomic status attenuate associations of green spaces with hypertension and diabetes mellitus: a national representative cross-sectional study in China.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and the Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Taiwan.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Air in Nemoral Scots Pine Forests and Submountainous Beech Forests: The Potential Region for the Introduction of Forest Therapy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The neighbourhood environment and profiles of the metabolic syndrome.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Air pollution, residential greenness, and metabolic dysfunction biomarkers: analyses in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality.mSystems · 2022Article
- Neighborhood greenspace and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort: the Multi-Ethncity Study of Atherosclerosis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Residential greenness attenuated associations of long-term exposure to air pollution with biomarkers of advanced fibrosis.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMetabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Long-term exposure to greenspace could be protective of metabolic syndrome, but evidence for such an association is lacking. Accordingly, we investigated the association between long-term exposure to greenspace and risk of metabolic syndrome.
methodsThe present longitudinal study was based on data from four clinical examinations between 1997 and 2013 in 6076 participants of the Whitehall II study, UK (aged 45-69 years at baseline). Long-term exposure to greenspace was assessed by satellite-based indices of greenspace including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Vegetation Continuous Field (VCF) averaged across buffers of 500 and 1000 m surrounding the participants' residential location at each follow-up. The ascertainment of metabolic syndrome was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. Hazard ratios for metabolic syndrome were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models, controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, lifestyle factors, and socioeconomic status.
resultsHigher residential surrounding greenspace was associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome. An interquartile range increase in NDVI and VCF in the 500 m buffer was associated with 13% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1%, 23%) and 14% (95% CI: 5%, 22%) lower risk of metabolic syndrome, respectively. Greater exposure to greenspace was also associated with each individual component of metabolic syndrome, including a lower risk of high levels of fasting glucose, large waist circumference, high triglyceride levels, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. The association between residential surrounding greenspace and metabolic syndrome may have been mediated by physical activity and exposure to air pollution.
conclusionsThe findings of the present study suggest that middle-aged and older adults living in greener neighbourhoods are at lower risk of metabolic syndrome than those living in neighbourhoods with less greenspace.
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Registered trials
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