ArticleHuman factors2020
Eye-Tracking Metrics Predict Perceived Workload in Robotic Surgical Skills Training.
Article in Human factors, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Artificial intelligence applications in surgical education and training: a systematic review.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Pooled it
- Human-Centric Cognitive State Recognition Using Physiological Signals: A Systematic Review of Machine Learning Strategies Across Application Domains.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Training in robotic-assisted surgery: a systematic review of training modalities and objective and subjective assessment methods.Surgical endoscopy · 2024Pooled it
- Evolving robotic surgery training and improving patient safety, with the integration of novel technologies.World journal of urology · 2021Pooled it
- Comparison of virtual reality and computed tomography in the preoperative planning of complex tibial plateau fractures.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2024Trial
- Status of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in robotic surgical skills training in the modern robotic era and future horizons: a systematic review.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal characteristics of eye-hand coordination among different skill levels in laparoscopic surgery.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- Critical analysis on the assessment of ergonomics in robotic surgery: A scoping review.Journal of robotic surgery · 2026Article
- Physicians' eye-tracking in neonatal intensive care: evaluating a mechanical ventilator panel.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2026Article
- Review
- Comparison Between Scene-Independent and Scene-Dependent Eye Metrics in Assessing Psychomotor Skills.Human factors · 2025Article
- Eye-Based Recognition of User Traits and States-A Systematic State-of-the-Art Review.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Review
- Cognitive effort detection for tele-robotic surgery via personalized pupil response modeling.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2024Article
- A Review of Recent Advancements in Sensor-Integrated Medical Tools.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- An Adaptive Human-Robotic Interaction Architecture for Augmenting Surgery Performance Using Real-Time Workload Sensing-Demonstration of a Semi-autonomous Suction Tool.Human factors · 2024Article
- Cognitive ergonomics and robotic surgery.Journal of robotic surgery · 2024Review
- Development of performance and learning rate evaluation models in robot-assisted surgery using electroencephalography and eye-tracking.NPJ science of learning · 2024Article
- Utilizing Eye Tracking to Assess Medical Student Non-Technical Performance During Scenario-Based Simulation: Results of a Pilot Study.Global surgical education : journal of the Association for Surgical Education · 2023Article
- Eye Tracking and Motion Data Predict Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Skill.The Laryngoscope · 2023Article
- Reappraisal of telesurgery in the era of high-speed, high-bandwidth, secure communications: Evaluation of surgical performance in local and remote environments.Annals of gastroenterological surgery · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study is to assess the relationship between eye-tracking measures and perceived workload in robotic surgical tasks.
backgroundRobotic techniques provide improved dexterity, stereoscopic vision, and ergonomic control system over laparoscopic surgery, but the complexity of the interfaces and operations may pose new challenges to surgeons and compromise patient safety. Limited studies have objectively quantified workload and its impact on performance in robotic surgery. Although not yet implemented in robotic surgery, minimally intrusive and continuous eye-tracking metrics have been shown to be sensitive to changes in workload in other domains.
methodsEight surgical trainees participated in 15 robotic skills simulation sessions. In each session, participants performed up to 12 simulated exercises. Correlation and mixed-effects analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between eye-tracking metrics and perceived workload. Machine learning classifiers were used to determine the sensitivity of differentiating between low and high workload with eye-tracking features.
resultsGaze entropy increased as perceived workload increased, with a correlation of .51. Pupil diameter and gaze entropy distinguished differences in workload between task difficulty levels, and both metrics increased as task level difficulty increased. The classification model using eye-tracking features achieved an accuracy of 84.7% in predicting workload levels.
conclusionEye-tracking measures can detect perceived workload during robotic tasks. They can potentially be used to identify task contributors to high workload and provide measures for robotic surgery training. APPLICATION: Workload assessment can be used for real-time monitoring of workload in robotic surgical training and provide assessments for performance and learning.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.