ArticleTwin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies2019
Sibling Comparison Designs: Addressing Confounding Bias with Inclusion of Measured Confounders.
Article in Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Serum IL-6 and IL-10 in Early Childhood Caries: A Sibling-Controlled Study in Children Aged 2.5-6 Years.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Genetically Informed Research Designs in Perinatal Pharmacoepidemiology: A Methodological Overview.Drug safety · 2026Review
- Bidirectional Association Between Premenstrual Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Sibling Control Analysis of Perinatal Health and Family Environment Factors Related to Childhood ADHD Symptoms.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Maternal early pregnancy body mass index and risk of sleep apnea in the offspring.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Article
- Calculating Within-Pair Difference Scores in the Co-twin Control Design. Effects of Alternative Strategies.Behavior genetics · 2024Article
- Maternal early pregnancy body mass index and bipolar disorder in the offspring.Bipolar disorders · 2024Article
- The role of familial factors and neuroticism in the association between exposure to offensive behaviors at work and long-term sickness absence due to common mental disorders - a prospective twin study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Disentangling potential causal effects of educational duration on well-being, and mental and physical health outcomes.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
- Limited psychological and social effects of lifetime cannabis use frequency: Evidence from a 30-year community study of 4,078 twins.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2024Article
- Long-term adverse influence of smoking during pregnancy on height and body size of offspring at ten years old in the UK Biobank cohort.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Recreational cannabis legalization has had limited effects on a wide range of adult psychiatric and psychosocial outcomes.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Associations of pregnancy complications and neonatal characteristics with bipolar disorder in the offspring: Nationwide cohort and sibling-controlled studies.Bipolar disorders · 2023Article
- Taking the problem of colliders seriously in the study of crime: A research note.Journal of experimental criminology · 2023Article
- Impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use: a longitudinal discordant twin study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Article
- Defective Placentation Syndromes and Intellectual Disability in the Offspring: Nationwide Cohort and Sibling-Controlled Studies.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Defective placentation syndromes and autism spectrum disorder in the offspring: population-based cohort and sibling-controlled studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Associations of preterm birth, small-for-gestational age, preeclampsia and placental abruption with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring: Nationwide cohort and sibling-controlled studies.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2022Article
- A co-twin-control analysis of adolescent and young adult drinking effects on learning and memory.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Observational
- Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - a longitudinal sibling control study.JCPP advances · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Genetically informative research designs are becoming increasingly popular as a way to strengthen causal inference with their ability to control for genetic and shared environmental confounding. Co-twin control (CTC) models, a special case of these designs using twin samples, decompose the overall effect of exposure on outcome into a within- and between-twin-pair term. Ideally, the within-twin-pair term would serve as an estimate of the exposure effect controlling for genetic and shared environmental factors, but it is often confounded by factors not shared within a twin-pair. Previous simulation work has shown that if twins are less similar on an unmeasured confounder than they are on an exposure, the within-twin-pair estimate will be a biased estimate of the exposure effect, even more biased than the individual, unpaired estimate. The current study uses simulation and analytical derivations to show that while incorporating a covariate related to the nonshared confounder in CTC models always reduces bias in the within-pair estimate, it will be less biased than the individual estimate only in a narrow set of circumstances. The best case for bias reduction in the within-pair estimate occurs when the within-twin-pair correlation in exposure is less than the correlation in the confounder and the twin-pair correlation in the covariate is high. Additionally, the form of covariate inclusion is compared between adjustment for only one's own covariate value and adjustment for the deviation of one's own value from the covariate twin-pair mean. Results show that adjusting for the deviation from the twin-pair mean results in equal or reduced bias.
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