ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2019
Effect of Pooling Practices and Time Postpartum of Milk Donations on the Energy, Macronutrient, and Zinc Concentrations of Resultant Donor Human Milk Pools.
Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macronutrient and bioactive profiles of donor milk differ in commercial vs non-profit milk banks.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Review of the biological gap between mother's own milk and pasteurized donor milk: implications for intestinal health in preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Effect of Random Multi-Donor Pooling on the Nutritional Variability in Donor Human Milk Using Computer Modeling.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional study of macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive components in human milk of approved milk bank donors from low-, middle-, and high-income countries.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Macronutrient and Bioactive Profiles of Donor Milk Differ in Commercial vs Non-Profit Milk Banks.Research square · 2025Article
- Article
- EGF and IgA in maternal milk, donor milk, and milk fortifiers in the neonatal intensive care unit setting.PloS one · 2025Article
- Growth after implementing a donor breast milk program in neonates <33 weeks gestational age or birthweight <1500 grams: Retrospective cohort study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Article
- Predictors of Breast Milk Zinc Levels Among Breastfeeding Women in Palestine: a Cross-Sectional Study.Biological trace element research · 2022Article
- Do Maternal Factors and Milk Expression Patterns Affect the Composition of Donor Human Milk?Nutrients · 2021Observational
- Big steps for advising the smallest bites: Dietary Guidelines for Americans address feeding infants and toddlers.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2021Article
- Role of zinc in neonatal growth and brain growth: review and scoping review.Pediatric research · 2021Article
- Animal Models for In Vivo Lactation Studies: Anatomy, Physiology and Milk Compositions in the Most Used Non-Clinical Species: A Contribution from the ConcePTION Project.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Concentrating human milk: an innovative point-of-care device designed to increase human milk feeding options for preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2021Article
- Zinc deficiency limiting head growth to discharge in extremely low gestational age infants with insufficient linear growth: a cohort study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2020Article
- Milk Bank Pooling Practices Impact Concentrations and Variability of Bioactive Components of Donor Human Milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo characterize the macronutrient, energy, and zinc composition of pasteurized donor human milk pools and evaluate how composition varies based on pooling practices and "time postpartum" (ie, elapsed time from parturition to expression date) of individual milk donations. STUDY
designThe Mothers' Milk Bank (Arvada, Colorado) donated 128 donor human milk pools. Caloric density was assessed via mid-infrared spectroscopy, and zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Pool time postpartum was calculated as the unweighted average of the time postpartum of all milk donations included in any given pool.
resultsTime postpartum of donor human milk pools ranged from 3 days to 9.8 months. The majority (91%) of donor human milk pools included milk from either 1 donor or 2 donors. Pool energy density ranged from 14.7 to 23.1 kcal/oz, and protein ranged from 0.52 to 1.43 g/dL. Milk zinc concentrations were higher in preterm pools and were negatively correlated with pool time postpartum. We present an equation that estimates donor human milk pool zinc content based on time postpartum and explains 49% of the variability in zinc concentrations (P < .0001). Including more donors in donor human milk pools decreased the variability in protein, but not zinc, concentrations.
conclusionsDonor human milk pools were lower in calories than is normally assumed in standard human milk fortification practices. Zinc concentrations were related to donor human milk time postpartum and were on average insufficient to meet preterm and term infants' needs without fortification or supplementation.
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