ArticleNature communications2019
CAR exosomes derived from effector CAR-T cells have potent antitumour effects and low toxicity.
Article in Nature communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 288 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
288 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 470 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing safety and efficacy of human extracellular vesicle-based therapy.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Pooled it
- Organization from cell to tissue derived delivery systems for immunotherapy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Review
- Extracellular vesicles for next-gen therapeutics and drug delivery.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- BCMA-Engineered Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes as Bi-Functional Therapeutics Orchestrating Cytokine Sequestration and Immune Activation for Multiple Myeloma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Microfluidic Platforms for Exosome Engineering: Scalable Therapeutics for Cancer Immunotherapy and Infectious Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Low-dose docetaxel reprograms CAR T cells for enhanced solid tumor immunity.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- Stimuli-Responsive Polyethylenimine Derivatives as Carriers for siRNA Delivery: Current Solutions and Future Perspectives.ACS omega · 2026Review
- Review
- Advancements in delivery systems for in vivo chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in urological diseases.Current urology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in solid tumors: from tumor ecology to engineered therapeutics.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Engineered small extracellular vesicles in hematologic malignancies: mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and translational challenges.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Therapeutic exosomes in cancer: efficacy and safety perspectives.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Emerging strategies to reduce the side effects of CAR-T cell therapy: focusing on gene editing and nanotechnology.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicle-Transferred ATP-Citrate Lyase Induces Monocyte Differentiation Toward Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Fuels Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Engineering challenges and translational opportunities in emerging gene delivery platforms.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Heparanase-Loaded CAR T Extracellular Vesicles Remodel the Colorectal Tumour Microenvironment and Boost T Cell Antitumor Immunity.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Advances in immune cell-based therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Development of CAR Exosomes Targeting FAP for the Treatment of Intrauterine Adhesion.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Exosomal miR-373-3p Derived from Docetaxel-Resistant Lung Cancer Cells Targets PDCD4 to Promote Proliferation and Inhibit Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells.Biomedicines · 2026Article
228 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are rapidly emerging a promising new treatment for haematological and non-haematological malignancies. CAR-T therapy can induce rapid and durable clinical responses but is associated with unique acute toxicities. Moreover, CAR-T cells are vulnerable to immunosuppressive mechanisms. Here, we report that CAR-T cells release extracellular vesicles, mostly in the form of exosomes that carry CAR on their surface. The CAR-containing exosomes express a high level of cytotoxic molecules and inhibit tumour growth. Compared with CAR-T cells, CAR exosomes do not express Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD1), and their antitumour effect cannot be weakened by recombinant PD-L1 treatment. In a preclinical in vivo model of cytokine release syndrome, the administration of CAR exosomes is relatively safe compared with CAR-T therapy. This study supports the use of exosomes as biomimetic nanovesicles that may be useful in future therapeutic approaches against tumours.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.