ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2019
Risk of prostate cancer for men fathering through assisted reproduction: nationwide population based register study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Male Infertility and the Subsequent Risk of Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical correlation among male infertility and overall male health: A systematic review of the literature.Investigative and clinical urology · 2020Pooled it
- Early-Onset Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Biology, Clinical Features, Management, and Early Detection.MedComm · 2026Review
- Risk of non-reproductive cancer in men from couples conceiving through assisted reproduction: a Swedish nation-based register study.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Are infertile men at a higher risk of morbidity and early mortality?Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Male infertility and risk of cardiometabolic conditions: a population-based cohort study.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Leveraging electronic health records from two hospital systems identifies male infertility-associated comorbidities across time.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Are young men attempting to achieve paternity through intracytoplasmic sperm injection candidates for general health screenings?International journal of impotence research · 2025Article
- Male Infertility and Reduced Life Expectancy: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Azoospermia/Oligozoospermia and Prostate Cancer Are Increased in Families of Women With Primary Ovarian Insufficiency.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Article
- EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Endocrine Causes and Consequences of Cancers.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Male Fertility as a Proxy for Health.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Interplay between male gonadal function and overall male health.Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology · 2024Review
- Frequency, morbidity and equity - the case for increased research on male fertility.Nature reviews. Urology · 2024Review
- Infertility as a Proxy of Men's Health: Still a Long Way to Go.Urology research & practice · 2023Article
- Lifestyle and environmental risk factors for unexplained male infertility: study protocol for Australian Male Infertility Exposure (AMIE), a case-control study.Reproductive health · 2023Article
- Male infertility and somatic health - insights into lipid damage as a mechanistic link.Nature reviews. Urology · 2022Review
- Is early-onset cancer an emerging global epidemic? Current evidence and future implications.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2022Review
- Feasibility analysis of incorporating infertility into medical insurance in China.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Association of decreased sperm motility and increased seminal plasma IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and PSA levels in infertile men.Endocrine · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo compare the risk and severity of prostate cancer between men achieving fatherhood by assisted reproduction and men conceiving naturally.
designNational register based cohort study.
settingSweden from January 1994 to December 2014.
participants1 181 490 children born alive in Sweden during 1994-2014 to the same number of fathers. Fathers were grouped according to fertility status by mode of conception: 20 618 by in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 14 882 by intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and 1 145 990 by natural conception.
main outcome measuresProstate cancer diagnosis, age of onset, and androgen deprivation therapy (serving as proxy for advanced or metastatic malignancy).
resultsAmong men achieving fatherhood by IVF, by ICSI, and by non-assisted means, 77 (0.37%), 63 (0.42%), and 3244 (0.28%), respectively, were diagnosed as having prostate cancer. Mean age at onset was 55.9, 55.1, and 57.1 years, respectively. Men who became fathers through assisted reproduction had a statistically significantly increased risk of prostate cancer compared with men who conceived naturally (hazard ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.25 to 2.15, for ICSI; 1.33, 1.06 to 1.66, for IVF). They also had an increased risk of early onset disease (that is, diagnosis before age 55 years) (hazard ratio 1.86, 1.25 to 2.77, for ICSI; 1.51, 1.09 to 2.08, for IVF). Fathers who conceived through ICSI and developed prostate cancer received androgen deprivation therapy to at least the same extent as the reference group (odds ratio 1.91; P=0.07).
conclusionsMen who achieved fatherhood through assisted reproduction techniques, particularly through ICSI, are at increased risk for early onset prostate cancer and thus constitute a risk group in which testing and careful long term follow-up for prostate cancer may be beneficial.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.