ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2019
Clinical Course, Neurobiology and Therapeutic Approaches to Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia. Toward an Integrated View.
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pentoxifylline adjunct to risperidone for negative symptoms of stable schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Relationships between early age at onset of psychotic symptoms and treatment resistant schizophrenia.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Prebiotics Rescue Gut Microbiome Dysregulation and Enhance Cognitive and Gastrointestinal Function in a Mouse Model of Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Development of an individualized risk calculator of treatment resistance in patients with first-episode psychosis (TRipCal) using automated machine learning: a 12-year follow-up study with clozapine prescription as a proxy indicator.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Photons Induce Vesicular Exocytotic Release of Glutamate in a Power-Dependent Way.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Cognitive performance at first episode of psychosis and the relationship with future treatment resistance: Evidence from an international prospective cohort study.Schizophrenia research · 2023Article
- Early identification of treatment non-response in first-episode psychosis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2023Article
- Differential Treatment Responses in Pakistani Schizophrenia Samples: Correlation with Sociodemographic Parameters, Drug Addiction, Attitude to the Treatment and Antipsychotic Agents.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Reduced erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid levels indicate diminished treatment response in patients with multi- versus first-episode schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Peripheral biomarkers of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Genetic, inflammation and stress perspectives.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Clozapine: Why Is It So Uniquely Effective in the Treatment of a Range of Neuropsychiatric Disorders?Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Quality of individual and group level interventions for first-episode psychosis at the tertiary psychiatric hospital in Uganda.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2021Article
- A Rational Use of Clozapine Based on Adverse Drug Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Pharmacopsychology.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics · 2020Review
- Microbiome Profiling Reveals Gut Dysbiosis in the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Knockout Mouse Model of Schizophrenia.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite considerable psychotherapeutic advancement since the discovery of chlorpromazine, almost one third of patients with schizophrenia remain resistant to dopamine-blocking antipsychotics, and continue to be exposed to unwanted and often disabling side effects, but little if any clinical benefit. Even clozapine, the superior antipsychotic treatment, is ineffective in approximately half of these patients. Thus treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS), continues to present a major therapeutic challenge to psychiatry. The main impediment to finding novel treatments is the lack of understanding of precise molecular mechanisms leading to TRS. Not only has the neurobiology been enigmatic for decades, but accurate and early detection of patients who are at risk of not responding to dopaminergic blockade remains elusive. Fortunately, recent work has started to unravel some of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying treatment resistance, providing long awaited answers, at least to some extent. Here we focus on the scientific advances in the field, from the clinical course of TRS to neurobiology and available treatment options. We specifically emphasize emerging evidence from TRS imaging and genetic literature that implicates dysregulation in several neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and glutamate, and in addition genetic and neural alterations that concertedly may lead to the formation of TRS. Finally, we integrate available findings into a putative model of TRS, which may provide a platform for future studies in a bid to open the avenues for subsequent development of effective therapeutics.
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