ArticleAnnals of general psychiatry2019
Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches.
Article in Annals of general psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ketamine/esketamine treatment for resistant depression in children and adolescents: a PRISMA systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Circulating Growth Factors and Cytokines Correlate with Temperament and Character Dimensions in Adolescents with Mood Disorders.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Are season of birth, climate, and parental age predictors of adult temperament, character, anhedonia, suicidality, and self-harm?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic resources moderate the relationship between maternal prenatal obsessive-compulsive symptoms and infant negative affectivity.Infant behavior & development · 2023Article
- Construct and criterion validity of the HiTOP spectra to predict dimensional and categorical somatization in a large non-western sample.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Students' mental health during the pandemic: results of the observational cross-sectional COVID-19 MEntal health inTernational for university Students (COMET-S) study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Affective Temperament is Associated with Stress Coping Strategies and Work Stress Perception Among Polish Bank Employees.Psychology research and behavior management · 2020Article
- Compulsive Internet Pornography Use and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of University Students in the United States.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough there are several models on the structure of human temperament, character and personality, the majority follow a single approach, providing a unilateral and overly theoretical construct which is unsuitable for clinical application. The current study aimed to develop a complex and comprehensive model of temperament and character by empirically combining relevant existing theories.
methodsThe study included 734 healthy general population subjects aged 40.80 ± 11.48 years, who completed the TEMPS-A, TCI and NEO-PI-3 questionnaires. Data were analyzed in a multistep approach using Exploratory Factor analysis and forward stepwise linear regression.
resultsThe results yielded two highest order factors (Self and Self-Environment Interaction), six middle order factors (Emotional Self, Cognitive Self, Social Emotionality, Emotional and Cognitive Control, Ethical Emotionality and Behavior, Social Emotionality and Behavior) and 12 factors at the bottom (Ego Resiliency, Ego Strength, Intrapersonal Emotion, Personal Space Cognition, Interpersonal Cognition, Emotional Creativity, Externalized Interpersonal Emotion, Internalized Interpersonal Emotion, Emotional Motivation, Self-Discipline, Ethical Values and Ethical Behavior).
conclusionsThe current study developed a complex hierarchical model of temperament and character on the basis of empirical data from several temperament theories. An important feature of the new temperamental model is the frequent admixture of emotional and cognitive processes within the same module. This model expands the field to include elements probably corresponding to meta-cognition mechanisms and complex interactions between affective and cognitive control, which may provide useful in understanding and treating affective disorders as well.
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