ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
RNA polymerases as moving barriers to condensin loop extrusion.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chromosome segregation in a minimal bacterial cell driven by SMC protein complexes.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- Condensin loop extrusion properties, roadblocks, and role in homology search during recombination in S. cerevisiae.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- SMC complex unidirectionally translocates DNA by coupling segment capture with an asymmetric kleisin path.eLife · 2026Article
- A universal polymer signature in Hi-C resolves cohesin loop density and supports monomeric extrusion.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The 3D genomics of lampbrush chromosomes highlights the role of active transcription in chromatin organization.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- A functional overlap between actively transcribed genes and chromatin insulator elements.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Unique territorial and compartmental organization of chromosomes in the holocentric silkworm.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Deciphering the 3D genome organization across species from Hi-C data.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- FACT depletion demonstrates a role for nucleosome organization in TAD formation.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- Cohesin forms fountains at active enhancers in C. elegans.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The SMC Hinge is a Selective Gate for Obstacle Bypass.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Chromatin insulators in gene regulation and 3D genome organization.Biochemical Society transactions · 2025Review
- Replisomes restrict SMC translocation in vivo.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Spontaneously directed loop extrusion in SMC complexes emerges from broken detailed balance and anisotropic DNA search.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Nuclear and genome dynamics underlying DNA double-strand break repair.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2025Review
- Barrier effects on the kinetics of cohesin-mediated loop extrusion.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- Rules of engagement for condensins and cohesins guide mitotic chromosome formation.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Liquid condensates: a new barrier to loop extrusion?Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Review
- Review
- Physical models of bacterial chromosomes.Molecular microbiology · 2025Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To separate replicated sister chromatids during mitosis, eukaryotes and prokaryotes have structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) condensin complexes that were recently shown to organize chromosomes by a process known as DNA loop extrusion. In rapidly dividing bacterial cells, the process of separating sister chromatids occurs concomitantly with ongoing transcription. How transcription interferes with the condensin loop-extrusion process is largely unexplored, but recent experiments have shown that sites of high transcription may directionally affect condensin loop extrusion. We quantitatively investigate different mechanisms of interaction between condensin and elongating RNA polymerases (RNAPs) and find that RNAPs are likely steric barriers that can push and interact with condensins. Supported by chromosome conformation capture and chromatin immunoprecipitation for cells after transcription inhibition and RNAP degradation, we argue that translocating condensins must bypass transcribing RNAPs within ∼1 to 2 s of an encounter at rRNA genes and within ∼10 s at protein-coding genes. Thus, while individual RNAPs have little effect on the progress of loop extrusion, long, highly transcribed operons can significantly impede the extrusion process. Our data and quantitative models further suggest that bacterial condensin loop extrusion occurs by 2 independent, uncoupled motor activities; the motors translocate on DNA in opposing directions and function together to enlarge chromosomal loops, each independently bypassing steric barriers in their path. Our study provides a quantitative link between transcription and 3D genome organization and proposes a mechanism of interactions between SMC complexes and elongating transcription machinery relevant from bacteria to higher eukaryotes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.