ArticlePublic health nutrition2020
Can methods based on spot urine samples be used to estimate average population 24 h sodium excretion? Results from the Isfahan Salt Study.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Further evidence that methods based on spot urine samples should not be used to examine sodium-disease relationships from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (November 2018 to August 2019).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2020Pooled it
- Association of cardiovascular risk factors with diabetic kidney disease severity in the Iranian population.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association Between Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Cardiovascular Risk and Events: Findings from the Isfahan Cohort Study.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Salt Intake Among the Iranian Population and Public Attitudes Toward Salt Consumption: National and Subnational Report From STEPS 2021.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Urine Sodium Excretion in Children with Primary Hypertension: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Mean population salt intake in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Health science reports · 2022Article
- Dietary sodium estimation methods: accuracy and limitations of old and new methods in individuals at high cardiovascular risk.Public health nutrition · 2022Article
- Estimating 24-Hour Urinary Excretion of Sodium and Potassium Is More Reliable from 24-Hour Urine Than Spot Urine Sample in a Feeding Study of US Older Postmenopausal Women.Current developments in nutrition · 2021Article
- Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2021Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveTo assess agreement between established methods of estimating salt intake from spot urine collections and 24 h urinary Na (24hUNa) and then to develop a valid formula that can be used in the Iranian population to estimate salt intake from spot urine samples.
designA validation study. Three spot urine samples were collected (fasting second-void morning; afternoon; evening) on the same day as a 24 h urine collection. We estimated 24hUNa from spot specimens using the Kawasaki, Tanaka and INTERSALT equations. Two new formulas were developed, the Iran formula 1 (Iran 1) and Iran formula 2 (Iran 2), based on our population characteristics.
settingIranian adults recruited in 2014-2015.
participantsHealthy volunteer adults aged ≥18 years.
resultsWith all three spot urine specimens, predicted population 24hUNa was underestimated based on the INTERSALT equation (-469 to -708 mg/d; all P < 0·05) and conversely overestimation occurred with the Kawasaki equation (926 to 1080 mg/d; all P < 0·01). The Tanaka equation produced comparable estimates to measured 24hUNa (-151 to 86 mg/d; all P > 0·49). The newly derived formulas, Iran 1 and Iran 2, showed less mean bias than the established equations (Iran 1: 43 to 80 mg/d, all P > 0·55; Iran 2: 22 to 90 mg/d, all P > 0·50).
conclusionsIn this Iranian sample, the Tanaka equation and newly derived formulas produced group-level estimates comparable to measured 24hUNa. The newly developed formulas showed less mean bias than established equations; however, they need to be tested for generalization in a larger sample.
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