ReviewAntibodies (Basel, Switzerland)2019
David vs. Goliath: The Structure, Function, and Clinical Prospects of Antibody Fragments.
Review in Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 217 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein-protein interaction disruption as a next-generation antithrombotic strategy.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Review
- Preclinical evaluation of AAV2 anti-VEGF gene therapy using scFv for choroidal neovascularization.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Realizing the potential of agonistic antibody immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Preparation of targeted lipid nanoparticles for precision nucleic acid delivery.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Screening and Engineering of Hetero-Bivalent Nanobody Targeting Interleukin-33 with Enhanced Binding Stability.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- The Promise of Single-Domain Antibodies as Ocular Therapeutics: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Pharmacotherapeutic Properties and Future Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Tiny tools closing the gap: nanobodies in research and therapy.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Intensified upstream processing by a phosphate-regulated, auto-inducible expression system in E. coli W3110 for recombinant Fab production.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Developability Evaluation of Single-Domain Antibody-Chelator Conjugates for Diagnostic Radiotracers.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Targeting DNA-LNPs to Endothelial Cells Improves Expression Magnitude, Duration, and Specificity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Computational nanobody design using graph neural networks and Metropolis Monte Carlo sampling.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- mRNA-Encoded Antibodies: An Emerging Paradigm in Antiviral Protection.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Development of a recombinant biosimilar single-chain variable fragment antibody targeting human estrogen receptor α36.Research in pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Redosing of anti-CD3 antibodies in NOD mice with new-onset diabetes does not alter the effect of a single treatment course.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Curbing Autoimmunity: A New Fab Fragment Targeting CD40-CD40L Halts B-Cell Activation and Differentiation.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Construction of Naïve and Immune Human Fab Phage Display Library.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Design, build and test of a targeted synthetic protein strategy.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- scFv-based biologics in diabetes: from therapeutic potential to clinical prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Transient Expression and Characterization of Antibodies and Antibody Fragments.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the licensing of the first monoclonal antibody therapy in 1986, monoclonal antibodies have become the largest class of biopharmaceuticals with over 80 antibodies currently approved for a variety of disease indications. The development of smaller, antigen binding antibody fragments, derived from conventional antibodies or produced recombinantly, has been growing at a fast pace. Antibody fragments can be used on their own or linked to other molecules to generate numerous possibilities for bispecific, multi-specific, multimeric, or multifunctional molecules, and to achieve a variety of biological effects. They offer several advantages over full-length monoclonal antibodies, particularly a lower cost of goods, and because of their small size they can penetrate tissues, access challenging epitopes, and have potentially reduced immunogenicity. In this review, we will discuss the structure, production, and mechanism of action of EMA/FDA-approved fragments and of those in clinical and pre-clinical development. We will also discuss current topics of interest surrounding the potential use of antibody fragments for intracellular targeting and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.