Observational studyAmerican journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation2019
Antibiotic Use and Risk of Incident Kidney Stones in Female Nurses.
Observational study in American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The gut-kidney microbiome-oxalate axis in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: mechanisms and microbiome-based interventions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Gender Differences in Kidney Stone Disease (KSD): Findings from a Systematic Review.Current urology reports · 2021Pooled it
- Nutrients, vitamins, probiotics and herbal products: an update of their role in urolithogenesis.Urolithiasis · 2020Pooled it
- The effects of antibiotics use during early life and genetic risk on urolithiasis incidence: a large-scale UK biobank cohort study.World journal of urology · 2025Article
- A novel synbiotic formulation prevents calcium oxalate stones by restoring gut microbiota homeostasis.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Beyond Infection: How Antimicrobial Therapies Influence the Urinary Microbiome and Stone Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- How is the human microbiome linked to kidney stones?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Mechanism of Nephrolithiasis: Does the Microbiome Play a Role?European urology focus · 2024Review
- Engineered microorganisms: A new direction in kidney stone prevention and treatment.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2024Review
- Gut and Urinary Microbiota in Cats with Kidney Stones.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Effects of Medications on theKidney international reports · 2024Article
- Is a Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1 (International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Deficient butyrate metabolism in the intestinal microbiome is a potential risk factor for recurrent kidney stone disease.Urolithiasis · 2024Article
- Kidney Stone Prevention.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Oxalate homeostasis.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2023Review
- Oxalate as a potent promoter of kidney stone formation.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Causal relationship between kidney stones and gut microbiota contributes to the gut-kidney axis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Rare phylotypes in stone, stool, and urine microbiomes are associated with urinary stone disease.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of the intestinal and urinary microbiome in kidney stone disease.Nature reviews. Urology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
RATIONALE &
objectiveThe intestinal microbiome may affect urinary stone disease by modulating the amount of oxalate absorbed from the intestine and subsequently excreted in urine. This study sought to explore the association between antibiotics, which alter the intestinal microbiota, and risk for urinary stone disease. STUDY
designProspective cohort study. SETTING &
participants5,010 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I and II who had collected 24-hour urine samples. EXPOSURES: Use of antibiotics during the age range of 40 to 49 (NHS II), 40 to 59 (NHS I), and 20 to 39 years (both cohorts). OUTCOMES: Incident symptomatic urinary stone disease; urine composition. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cause-specific hazards regression adjusted for age, body mass index, comorbid conditions, thiazide use, and dietary factors. Follow-up was censored at the time of asymptomatic kidney stones, cancer, or death.
resultsCumulative use of antibiotics for a total of 2 or more months during the age range of 40 to 49 years (NHS II) and 40 to 59 years (NHS II) was associated with significantly higher risk for developing incident stones compared with no use (pooled HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.96). Similar results were found for the period of 20 to 39 years (pooled HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.00-1.84). Results were unchanged after excluding participants who reported urinary tract infection with their stone event or as the most common reason for antibiotic use. Urine composition was generally similar across antibiotic groups except for marginally lower urine pH and citrate values among those taking antibiotics for 2 or more months. LIMITATIONS: Observational design; lack of information for type of antibiotic used; relatively large span of time between antibiotic use and urine collection.
conclusionsUse of antibiotics for more than 2 months in early adulthood and middle age is associated with higher risk for urinary stone disease in later life.
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