Observational studyCancer causes & control : CCC2019
Circulating estrogens and postmenopausal ovarian and endometrial cancer risk among current hormone users in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
Observational study in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Study on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Transdermal Estradiol Gel Administered Repeatedly in Postmenopausal Women.Drugs in R&D · 2026Article
- Estrogen metabolism-related lifestyle score and risk of postmenopausal breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers: findings from two large prospective cohort studies.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- The Role of Microbiota in Ovarian Cancer: Implications for Treatment Response and Therapeutic Strategies.Cells · 2025Review
- Estrogen Receptors as Key Factors in Carcinogenesis.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- The Tailpipe's Tale: Traffic-Related Air Pollutants and Ovarian Cancer Risk.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Gut and oral microbiota in gynecological cancers: interaction, mechanism, and therapeutic value.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2024Review
- Associations of tubal ligation and hysterectomy with serum androgen and estrogen metabolites among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Observational
- Menopausal hormone therapy use and risk of ovarian cancer by race: the ovarian cancer in women of African ancestry consortium.British journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Article
- Estrogens, Cancer and Immunity.Cancers · 2022Review
- Hormone therapy for ovarian cancer: Emphasis on mechanisms and applications (Review).Oncology reports · 2021Review
- Association Between Hormone Replacement Therapy and Development of Endometrial Cancer: Results From a Prospective US Cohort Study.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Targeting Adipokines in Obesity-Related Tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Sleep Characteristics and Risk of Ovarian Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2021Observational
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMenopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use induces alterations in circulating estrogens/estrogen metabolites, which may contribute to the altered risk of reproductive tract cancers among current users. Thus, the current study assessed associations between circulating estrogens/estrogen metabolites and ovarian and endometrial cancer risk among MHT users.
methodsWe conducted a nested case-control study among postmenopausal women using MHT at baseline in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (179 ovarian cancers, 396 controls; 230 endometrial cancers, 253 controls). Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals overall and by subtype.
resultsEstrogen/estrogen metabolite levels were not associated with overall or serous ovarian cancer risk, examined separately. However, unconjugated estradiol was positively associated with non-serous ovarian cancer risk [quintile 5 vs. quintile 1: 3.01 (1.17-7.73); p-trend = 0.03; p-het < 0.01]. Endometrial cancer risk was unrelated to estrogen/estrogen metabolite levels among women who took combined estrogen/progestin therapy (EPT).
conclusionsThese findings provide novel evidence that may support a heterogeneous hormonal etiology across ovarian cancer subtypes. Circulating estrogens did not influence endometrial cancer risk among women with EPT-induced high-estrogen levels. Larger studies are needed to delineate the relationship between ovarian/endometrial cancer subtypes and estrogen levels in the context of MHT use.
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