ArticleNature communications2019
ImmGen report: sexual dimorphism in the immune system transcriptome.
Article in Nature communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 176 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
176 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 298 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shared and niche-specific transcriptional signatures of macrophage aging revealed by a cross-tissue meta-analysis.BMC biology · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-dimorphic gene regulation in murine macrophages across niches.Immunology and cell biology · 2025Pooled it
- Accumulating Impact of Smoking and Co-morbidities on Severity and Mortality of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Current genomics · 2021Pooled it
- The likelihood of severe COVID-19 outcomes among PLHIV with various comorbidities: a comparative frequentist and Bayesian meta-analysis approach.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics, laboratory outcome characteristics, comorbidities, and complications of related COVID-19 deceased: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2020Pooled it
- Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.The Journal of infection · 2020Pooled it
- Factors Associated With Systemic Immune Activation Indices in a Global Primary Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Cohort of People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022 · on this mapTrial
- LPS stimulation reveals male and female dimorphism in human iPSC-derived macrophages.iScience · 2026Article
- Sex-specific biological aging clocks across organs and omics.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in female patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Targeting the NR1D1-IGF2BP2-V-ATPase Axis With Hybrid Nanovesicles Restores Macrophage Rhythms to Reverse Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Environmental drivers of low vaccine responsiveness in a lab-to-wild rodent model.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Impact of sex differences on microglial function in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex-specific impact of early life stress on adult lung inflammatory response after LPS and Poly I:C exposures.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Allergic and Mast Cell-Associated Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Sex as a biological variable in nonclinical studies: Bridging scientific rigor, animal welfare, and regulatory expectations.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Transcriptional mechanisms of sex-biased gene expression and their connections to disease-associated variation.Human molecular genetics · 2026Article
- How Does Biological Sex Impact Mucosal Bacterial Infection? Mucosal Defenses and Bacterial Detection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
116 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in the mammalian immune system is manifested as more frequent and severe infectious diseases in males and, on the other hand, higher rates of autoimmune disease in females, yet insights underlying those differences are still lacking. Here we characterize sex differences in the immune system by RNA and ATAC sequence profiling of untreated and interferon-induced immune cell types in male and female mice. We detect very few differentially expressed genes between male and female immune cells except in macrophages from three different tissues. Accordingly, very few genomic regions display differences in accessibility between sexes. Transcriptional sexual dimorphism in macrophages is mediated by genes of innate immune pathways, and increases after interferon stimulation. Thus, the stronger immune response of females may be due to more activated innate immune pathways prior to pathogen invasion.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.