ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessment of Electrical Brain Activity of Healthy Volunteers Exposed to 3.5 GHz of 5G Signals within Environmental Levels: A Controlled-Randomised Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- The Reliability and Acceptability of RDx-Based Tele-Controlled Subjective Refraction Compared with Traditional Subjective Refraction.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Trial
- Biological effects of 5G-modulated 700 MHz RF-EMF exposure on neuronal and glial cell models under isothermal conditions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- 5G/6G mobile telephone technology, methodical progress, pertinent health protection, and artificial intelligence.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Millimeter-Wave Directed Energy-Mediated Neural Cell Injury: Insights into Protein Degradation and Cell Injury Mechanisms.Research square · 2025Article
- Defect-Engineered Elastic CNC/Chitosan-Based Carbon Aerogel with Wideband Microwave Absorption.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- 5G-exposed human skin cells do not respond with altered gene expression and methylation profiles.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Order-disorder phase transition of cell membrane induced by THz irradiation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Short-Term In Vitro Exposure of Human Blood to 5G Network Frequencies: Do Sex and Frequency Additionally Affect Erythrocyte Morphometry?Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Epidemiological criteria for causation applied to human health harms from RF-EMF exposure: Bradford Hill revisited.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Modern health worries and exposure perceptions of individuals reporting varying levels of sensitivity to electromagnetic fields: results of two successive surveys.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Effects of 4.9 GHz Radiofrequency Field Exposure on Brain Metabolomic and Proteomic Characterization in Mice.Biology · 2024Article
- Global Trends in mHealth and Medical Education Research: Bibliometrics and Knowledge Graph Analysis.JMIR medical education · 2024Article
- Improving the latency for 5G/B5G based smart healthcare connectivity in rural area.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- 6G Networks and the AI Revolution-Exploring Technologies, Applications, and Emerging Challenges.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Effects of radiofrequency field from 5G communication on fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles in mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Belief, knowledge, attitude and practices towards COVID-19 amongst residents of Abuja, Nigeria: implications for pandemic preparedness.The Pan African medical journal · 2024Article
- Thermal and Nonthermal Effects of 5 G Radio-Waves on Human's Tissue.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2024Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6-100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.