ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2019
Bias in the estimation of cumulative viremia in cohort studies of HIV-infected individuals.
Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review on cumulative HIV viraemia among people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral treatment and its association with mortality and morbidity.International health · 2024Pooled it
- Cumulative Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viremia Is Associated With Increased Risk of Multimorbidity Among US Women With HIV, 1997-2019.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Cumulative exposure to viremia: Methods for the implementation of standardized variables in longitudinal HIV studies.MethodsX · 2023Article
- Analyzing Longitudinally Collected Viral Load Measurements in Youth With Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection: Problems and Possible Remedies.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Article
- All-Cause Mortality and Serious Non-AIDS Events in Adults With Low-level Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viremia During Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Results From a Swedish Nationwide Observational Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Observational
- Associations Between Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Ribonucleic Acid Levels and Incidence of Invasive Cancer in People With HIV After Initiation of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe use of cumulative measures of exposure to raised HIV viral load (viremia copy-years) is increasingly common in HIV prevention and treatment epidemiology due to the association of long-term elevated viral load with more rapid progression to disease. We sought to estimate the magnitude and direction of bias in a cumulative measure of viremia caused by different frequency of sampling and duration of follow-up.
methodsWe simulated longitudinal viral load measures and reanalyzed cohort study data sets with longitudinal viral load measurements under different sampling strategies to estimate cumulative viremia.
resultsIn both simulated and observed data, estimates of cumulative viremia by the trapezoidal rule show systematic upward bias when there are fewer sampling time points and/or increased duration between sampling time points, compared with estimation of full time series. Absolute values of cumulative viremia vary appreciably by the patterns of viral load over time, even after adjustment for total duration of follow-up.
conclusionsSampling bias due to differential frequency of sampling appears extensive and of meaningful magnitude in measures of cumulative viremia. Cumulative measures of viremia should be used only in studies with sufficient frequency of viral load measures and always as relative measures.
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