ArticlePsychophysiology2020
Optimizing assessments of post-error slowing: A neurobehavioral investigation of a flanker task.
Article in Psychophysiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial-By-Trial Changes in Neural Indices of Performance Monitoring Uniquely Correspond to Behavioral Adjustments During a Flanker Task.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Adolescent Risky Alcohol Use Is Associated With Electrophysiological Markers of Error Processing: Findings From a Large Cohort Study.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Single-Trial Relationships Between the Error-Related Negativity, Pe, Error-Related Pupillary Dilation Response, and Post-Error Behavior.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- Trial-by-trial ERP-behavior relationships in psychosis: Between- and within-person variability in performance monitoring adjustments.Schizophrenia research · 2025Article
- Psychometrics of drift-diffusion model parameters derived from the Eriksen flanker task: Reliability and validity in two independent samples.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Neural markers of error processing relate to task performance, but not to substance-related risks and problems and externalizing problems in adolescence and emerging adulthood.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Behavioral and neurophysiological signatures of cognitive control in humans and rats.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Recording Neural Reward Signals in a Naturalistic Operant Task Using Mobile-EEG and Augmented Reality.eNeuro · 2024Article
- Post-error adjustments occur in both reaching and grasping.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
- Early Action Error Processing Is Due to Domain-General Surprise, Whereas Later Processing Is Error Specific.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Cognitive control in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a study with event-related potentials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Updating the relationship of the Ne/ERN to task-related behavior: A brief review and suggestions for future research.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Review
- Post-error slowing in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Unbiased post-error slowing in interference tasks: A confound and a simple solution.Behavior research methods · 2022Article
- Age-related qualitative differences in post-error cognitive control adjustments.The British journal of developmental psychology · 2022Article
- Post-error slowing: Large scale study in an online learning environment for practising mathematics and language.Developmental science · 2022Article
- How to measure post-error slowing: The case of pre-error speeding.Behavior research methods · 2022Article
- Six- to eight-year-olds' performance in the Heart and Flower task: Emerging proactive cognitive control.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Post-error Slowing Reflects the Joint Impact of Adaptive and Maladaptive Processes During Decision Making.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Timing-dependent differential effects of unexpected events on error processing reveal the interactive dynamics of surprise and error processing.Psychophysiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Appropriately adjusting to errors is essential for adaptive behavior. Post-error slowing (PES) refers to the increased reaction times on trials following incorrect relative to correct responses. PES has been used as a metric of cognitive control in basic cognitive neuroscience research as well as clinical contexts. However, calculation of PES varies widely among studies and has not yet been standardized, despite recent calls to optimize its measurement. Here, using behavioral and electrophysiological data from a modified flanker task, we considered different methods of calculating PES, assessed their internal consistency, examined their convergent correlations with behavioral performance and error-related event-related brain potentials (ERPs), and evaluated their sensitivity to task demands (e.g., presence of trial-to-trial feedback). Results indicated that the so-called robust measure of PES, calculated using only error-surrounding trials, provided an estimate of PES that was three times larger in magnitude than the traditional calculation. This robust PES correlated with the amplitude of the error positivity (Pe), an index of attention allocation to errors, just as well as the traditional method. However, all PES estimates had very weak internal consistency. Implications for measurement are discussed.
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