Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31535338›Full record

ReviewTargeted oncology2019

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as Switch or Continuation Maintenance Therapy in Solid Tumors: Rationale and Current State.

Petros Grivas, Bradley J Monk, Daniel Petrylak, Martin Reck, Grace Foley, Silke Guenther, Dan Hennessy, Constantin Makris, Markus Moehler

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Targeted oncology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
3.4field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Switch Maintenance Therapy for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma.Bladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022
    Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Article
  6. Avelumab maintenance in advanced urothelial carcinoma: real-world data from Northern Spain (AVEBLADDER study).Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025
    Article
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. A Focused Clinical Review of Lynch Syndrome.Cancer management and research · 2023
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.

Petros GrivasDepartment of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, 825 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. pgrivas@uw.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-3394
Bradley J MonkArizona Oncology (US Oncology Network), University of Arizona, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Daniel PetrylakDepartment of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Martin ReckDepartment of Thoracic Oncology, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
Grace FoleyPfizer Ltd., Tadworth, UK.
Silke GuentherMerck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
Dan HennessyEMD Serono, Rockland, MA, USA.
Constantin MakrisPfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA.
Markus MoehlerJohannes-Gutenberg University, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
Creighton University · USGerman Center for Lung Research · DEJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz · DEMerck (Germany) · DEOno Pharmaceutical (United States) · USPfizer (United Kingdom) · GBPfizer (United States) · USSeattle Cancer Care Alliance · USYale University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

First-line chemotherapy for many solid tumors is limited by toxicity. There is a growing interest in maintenance therapy as a strategy for prolonging the benefits of first-line therapy while minimizing toxicity. Maintenance therapy can comprise either continuation of an agent given as part of the first-line regimen (continuation maintenance) or treatment with a new agent (switch maintenance). Maintenance therapy is already established in several solid tumors, including lung, breast, gastric, colorectal, and ovarian cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has been shown to prolong duration of response and overall survival, but efficacy is generally restricted to a limited proportion of patients with selected tumors. Thus, efforts are ongoing to determine whether the clinical benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors can be extended using novel treatment schedules and settings, including maintenance therapy. Early- and late-phase clinical trials have investigated the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors as switch and continuation maintenance in different tumors, and a range of phase III trials are ongoing. Interpretation of results requires consideration of trial designs, eligibility criteria, and primary endpoints, in addition to biomarker exploration, and assessment of quality of life and cost effectiveness. Findings from ongoing trials will help further define the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors as maintenance therapy across a spectrum of solid tumors.

Indexed as

AnimalsAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalClinical Trials as TopicCostimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell ReceptorsDrug SubstitutionHumansImmunotherapyMaintenance ChemotherapyNeoplasmsPatient SelectionAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalCostimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors

Identifiers

PMID31535338
OpenAlexW2973437854

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.