Observational studyEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2019
Automated objective and marker-free facial grading using photographs of patients with facial palsy.
Observational study in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Continuous and componentized facial palsy measurement alignment and clinical interpretable model.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Facial magnetomyography using an array of optically pumped magnetometers.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2025Article
- Automated analysis of spontaneous eye blinking in patients with acute facial palsy or facial synkinesis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Diagnosing lagophthalmos using artificial intelligence.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Assessing facial weakness in myasthenia gravis with facial recognition software and deep learning.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Article
- Mathematical Validation of the Modified Sunnybrook Facial Grading System Using Four-dimensional Imaging.Journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2023Article
- Review
- A Ready-to-Use Grading Tool for Facial Palsy Examiners-Automated Grading System in Facial Palsy Patients Made Easy.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Towards a Reliable and Rapid Automated Grading System in Facial Palsy Patients: Facial Palsy Surgery Meets Computer Science.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Facial Emotion Recognition in Patients with Post-Paralytic Facial Synkinesis-A Present Competence.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Multidisciplinary Care of Patients with Facial Palsy: Treatment of 1220 Patients in a German Facial Nerve Center.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- An objective, markerless videosystem for staging facial palsy.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2021Article
- Computerized Sunnybrook facial grading scale (SBface) application for facial paralysis evaluation.Archives of plastic surgery · 2021Article
- Utilization of Smartphone Depth Mapping Cameras for App-Based Grading of Facial Movement Disorders: Development and Feasibility Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2021Article
- Article
- Effect of an Intensified Combined Electromyography and Visual Feedback Training on Facial Grading in Patients With Post-paralytic Facial Synkinesis.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2021Article
- Raising the Digital Profile of Facial Palsy: National Surveys of Patients' and Clinicians' Experiences of Changing UK Treatment Pathways and Views on the Future Role of Digital Technology.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Article
- Review
- Review
- Functional Outcome and Quality of Life After Hypoglossal-Facial Jump Nerve Suture.Frontiers in surgery · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAn automated, objective, fast and simple classification system for the grading of facial palsy (FP) is lacking.
methodsAn observational single center study was performed. 4572 photographs of 233 patients with unilateral peripheral FP were subjectively rated and automatically analyzed applying a machine learning approach including Supervised Descent Method. This allowed an automated grading of all photographs according to House-Brackmann grading scale (HB), Sunnybrook grading system (SB), and Stennert index (SI).
resultsMedian time to first assessment was 6 days after onset. At first examination, the median objective HB, total SB, and total SI were grade 3, 45, and 5, respectively. The best correlation between subjective and objective grading was seen for SB and SI movement score (r = 0.746; r = 0.732, respectively). No agreement was found between subjective and objective HB grading [Test for symmetry 80.61, df = 15, p < 0.001, weighted kappa = - 0.0105; 95% confidence interval (CI) = - 0.0542 to 0.0331; p = 0.6541]. Also no agreement was found between subjective and objective total SI (test for symmetry 166.37, df = 55, p < 0.001) although there was a nonzero weighted kappa = 0.2670; CI 0.2154-0.3186; p < 0.0001). Based on a multinomial logistic regression the probability for higher scores was higher for subjective compared to objective SI (OR 1.608; CI 1.202-2.150; p = 0.0014). The best agreement was seen between subjective and objective SB (ICC = 0.34645).
conclusionsAutomated Sunnybrook grading delivered with fair agreement fast and objective global and regional data on facial motor function for use in clinical routine and clinical trials.
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