ArticlemSphere2019
Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients.
Article in mSphere, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- School-informed risk calculator tool for reducing the spread of respiratory viral infection among school-aged children.Indoor environments · 2025Article
- The danger of the toxicity and inefficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs in Iran during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Article
- Investigating the Efficacy of Various Handwashing Methods against Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2: A Review.Viruses · 2022Review
- Liquid-Immersion Reprocessing Effects on Filtration Efficiency of 'Single-Use' Commercial Medical Face Masks.Annals of work exposures and health · 2022Article
- Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus varies across different paper types.Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Remember the past, plan for the future: How interactions between risk perception and behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform future Canadian public health policy.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Influence of Gender, Age and Field of Study on Hand Hygiene in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Survival of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza Virus on Human Skin: Importance of Hand Hygiene in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Disinfectant effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses present on human skin: model-based evaluation.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
- Could thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer research produce a fundamental step advance toward and significant reduction of SARS-COV-2 spread?International journal of heat and mass transfer · 2021Article
- COVID-19; current situation and recommended interventions.International journal of clinical practice · 2021Review
- Differences between two sodium hyaluronate-based submucosal injection materials currently used in Japan based on viscosity analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Abnormal Airway Mucus Secretion Induced by Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- COVID-19 environmental transmission and preventive public health measures.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health · 2020Article
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A critical care perspective beyond China.Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine · 2020Article
- Critical care management of adults with community-acquired severe respiratory viral infection.Intensive care medicine · 2020Review
- Biocides and Novel Antimicrobial Agents for the Mitigation of Coronaviruses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Article
- Alcohol-Based Handrubs and Influenza A.mSphere · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Both antiseptic hand rubbing (AHR) using ethanol-based disinfectants (EBDs) and antiseptic hand washing (AHW) are important means of infection control to prevent seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks. However, previous reports suggest a reduced efficacy of ethanol disinfection against pathogens in mucus. We aimed to elucidate the situations and mechanisms underlying the reduced efficacy of EBDs against IAV in infectious mucus. We evaluated IAV inactivation and ethanol concentration change using IAV-infected patients' mucus (sputum). Additionally, AHR and AHW effectiveness against infectious mucus adhering to the hands and fingers was evaluated in 10 volunteers. Our clinical study showed that EBD effectiveness against IAV in mucus was extremely reduced compared to IAV in saline. IAV in mucus remained active despite 120 s of AHR; however, IAV in saline was completely inactivated within 30 s. Due to the low rate of diffusion/convection because of the physical properties of mucus as a hydrogel, the time required for the ethanol concentration to reach an IAV inactivation level and thus for EBDs to completely inactivate IAV was approximately eight times longer in mucus than in saline. On the other hand, AHR inactivated IAV in mucus within 30 s when the mucus dried completely because the hydrogel characteristics were lost. Additionally, AHW rapidly inactivated IAV. Until infectious mucus has completely dried, infectious IAV can remain on the hands and fingers, even after appropriate AHR using EBD, thereby increasing the risk of IAV transmission. We clarified the ineffectiveness of EBD use against IAV in infectious mucus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.