ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2019
Roles of Extracellular HSPs as Biomarkers in Immune Surveillance and Immune Evasion.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 204 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exosome in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: from pathogenesis to diagnostic and therapeutic potential.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Exogenous Heat Shock Proteins in Oncology: Biological Roles and Clinical Implications.Cancers · 2026Review
- Heat shock protein-mediated remodeling of the bone immune microenvironment: mechanisms and precision therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Activated Platelet-Released Heat Shock Protein 90α Triggers Autophagy-Dependent Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Amplifies Sepsis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- <p>Harnessing MSC‑derived exosomes to modulate the pathophysiology of ASD: Recent advances and therapeutic implications (Review)</p>.International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- A bibliometric analysis of research trends and emerging frontiers in heat shock proteins and hepatocellular carcinoma from 2015 to 2025.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- MMP-3 cleavage of Lamin A induces pro-migratory nuclear deformity, nucleophagy, and their autophagic secretion with extracellular vesicles in metastatic cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Review
- Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mango Fruits.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Targeting heat shock protein 90 with usnic acid relieves immune suppression via aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated mechanisms in lung cancer.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Article
- GRP-based vaccines as a novel approach in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, challenges, and prospects.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cell Communication and Novel Biomarkers in Sepsis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Review
- Role of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes in cancer drug resistance via noncoding RNAs.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Sport Horses: Potential Biomarkers and Modulators of Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Advances in the structures, mechanisms and targeting of molecular chaperones.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Low serum HSPA12B levels are associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia in a Chinese population of older adults.Cell stress & chaperones · 2025Article
- Calcium electroporation induces stress response through upregulation of HSP27, HSP70, aspartate β-hydroxylase, and CD133 in human colon cancer cells.Biological research · 2025Article
- Exosomes in Skin Flap Survival: Unlocking Their Role in Angiogenesis and Tissue Regeneration.Biomedicines · 2025Review
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular heat shock proteins (ex-HSPs) have been found in exosomes, oncosomes, membrane surfaces, as well as free HSP in cancer and various pathological conditions, also known as alarmins. Such ex-HSPs include HSP90 (α, β, Gp96, Trap1), HSP70, and large and small HSPs. Production of HSPs is coordinately induced by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), while matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) and heterochromatin protein 1 are novel inducers of HSPs. Oncosomes released by tumor cells are a major aspect of the resistance-associated secretory phenotype (RASP) by which immune evasion can be established. The concepts of RASP are: (i) releases of ex-HSP and HSP-rich oncosomes are essential in RASP, by which molecular co-transfer of HSPs with oncogenic factors to recipient cells can promote cancer progression and resistance against stresses such as hypoxia, radiation, drugs, and immune systems; (ii) RASP of tumor cells can eject anticancer drugs, targeted therapeutics, and immune checkpoint inhibitors with oncosomes; (iii) cytotoxic lipids can be also released from tumor cells as RASP. ex-HSP and membrane-surface HSP (mHSP) play immunostimulatory roles recognized by CD91+ scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-1 (SREC-1)+ Toll-like receptors (TLRs)+ antigen-presenting cells, leading to antigen cross-presentation and T cell cross-priming, as well as by CD94+ natural killer cells, leading to tumor cytolysis. On the other hand, ex-HSP/CD91 signaling in cancer cells promotes cancer progression. HSPs in body fluids are potential biomarkers detectable by liquid biopsies in cancers and tissue-damaged diseases. HSP-based vaccines, inhibitors, and RNAi therapeutics are also reviewed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.