ReviewInternational urogynecology journal2020
A structured review on the female urethral anatomy and innervation with an emphasis on the role of the urethral longitudinal smooth muscle.
Review in International urogynecology journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metformin enhances external urethral sphincter integrity and restores continence via AMPK activation in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Unveiling the Potential of Fish Swim Bladder-Derived Biomaterials in Urological Care.Advances in urology · 2026Review
- Bilateral tailoring, dorsal folding: A simple approach for short urethra and incompetent bladder neck in female patients.Asian journal of urology · 2026Article
- Inhibition of PDE-4 and PDE-5 Differentially Modulates Isolated Porcine Urethral Contractility.International urogynecology journal · 2025Article
- Advancing our Understanding of the Urothelium and Lamina Propria, Hormone Receptors, Vascular Supply, and Sensory Aspects of the Female Human Urethra.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2025Review
- Three-dimensional Analysis of the Distribution of Smooth and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Around the Female Urethra.International urogynecology journal · 2025Article
- Somatic and autonomic nerve density of the urethra, periurethral tissue, and anterior vaginal wall: an immunohistochemical study in adult female cadavers.International urogynecology journal · 2023Article
- The Maximal Urethral Pressure at Rest and during Normal Bladder Filling Is Only Determined by the Activity of the Urethral Smooth Musculature in the Female.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Advances in the molecular pathogenesis and cell therapy of stress urinary incontinence.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Liquid crystal elastomer based dynamic device for urethral support: Potential treatment for stress urinary incontinence.Biomaterials · 2023Article
- The Anatomical Pathogenesis of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Tissue Engineering for Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Tracts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) in urinary bladder structure and function.Current topics in membranes · 2022Review
- Urethral sphincter volume and urodynamic diagnosis.International urogynecology journal · 2020Article
- Bladder neck reconstruction in girls' pelvic fracture bladder neck avulsion and urethral rupture.BMC urology · 2020Article
- Bladder/urethral smooth muscle contraction is adjunctive to external striated muscle forces.International urogynecology journal · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A damaged sphincteric unit or support system, unstable urethral deformability or damaged sensory innervation are all potential causes of a dysfunctional urethral sphincter. With the current improvement in pharmacological targets and urodynamic understanding, studies have begun quantifying individual structures and their importance in closure pressure and consequently urethral continence. However, when it comes to the function of the longitudinal urethral smooth muscle layer, there is currently no consensus. The intent of this structured review is to critically examine literature regarding the female urethral anatomy and closure mechanism. We hypothesized that the longitudinal smooth muscle is a prerequisite for sufficient urethral closure and not merely involved during micturition. Overall opinions on a dysfunctional closure mechanism are controversial. Nonetheless, basic mechanics may be applied to understand simple urodynamics. With the assumption of longitudinal muscles forming a plug when contracted, this could have a substantial effect on the continence mechanism.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.