ReviewAnnual review of vision science2019
Origins of Refractive Errors: Environmental and Genetic Factors.
Review in Annual review of vision science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic changes in ocular shape during human development and its implications for retina fovea formation.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2024Pooled it
- Ocular findings in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A systematic literature review and results of a Dutch multicenter study.American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2022Pooled it
- The G allele of the IGF1 rs2162679 SNP is a potential protective factor for any myopia: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of 0.02% and 0.01% atropine on astigmatism: a two-year clinical trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Trial
- The impacts of high refractive errors on self-reported visual function and visual concern.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Nanoscale biomechanical remodeling in human myopic corneal lenticule revealed by quantitative dynamic AFM.Biophysical reports · 2026Article
- Analysis of gene mutation spectrum for early-onset high myopia based on whole-exome sequencing.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The incidence of myopia and the factors associated with it among primary and junior high school students in Shihezi, China, a cohort study based on the SHAP model.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Revolutionizing Pediatric Myopia Care: A Machine Learning Approach for Rapid and Accurate Pre-Clinical Screening.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinic-based prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors and associated visual impairment: a nationwide cross-sectional study of 3.6 million outpatients in Mexico.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association between refraction characteristics and anthropometrics in 7- to 10-year-old Chinese primary school students.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Visual outcome in hypermetropic eye post-refractive surgery: retrospective cohort study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Recurrent and persistent refractive errors after restarting isotretinoin treatment: a case report.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Refractive Surprises After Cataract Surgery: Identification and Management in Optometric Practice- A Comprehensive Review.Clinical optometry · 2026Review
- Causal relationships between 41 inflammatory cytokines and myopia: a Mendelian randomization study.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Distribution and factors associated with refractive errors among young adults attending ophthalmic clinics in Iraq: a multicenter cross-sectional study.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Changing Epidemiology of Refractive Disorders in the Western Pacific Region, 1990-2023: Evidence From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The role of circadian rhythms in the pathogenesis of myopia.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Refractive Errors and Amblyopia in Mexican Children Aged 6-12 Years: Clinical Prevalence and Visual Impact.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Visual development cohort study on refractive parameters among preschool children in Sucheng district.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Refractive errors are the product of a mismatch between the axial length of the eye and its optical power, creating blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive errors are the second leading cause of worldwide blindness. One refractive error currently attracting significant scientific interest is myopia, mostly owing to the recent rise in its prevalence worldwide and associated ocular disease burden. This increase in myopia prevalence has also been rapid, suggesting environmental influences in addition to any genetic influences on eye growth. This review defines refractive errors, describes their prevalence, and presents evidence for the influence of genetic and environmental factors related to refractive error development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.