ArticleMicrobiome2019
A comprehensive assessment of demographic, environmental, and host genetic associations with gut microbiome diversity in healthy individuals.
Article in Microbiome, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01699893 (Genetic & Environmental Determinants Of Immune Phenotype Variance), which is not on this map. Cited by 94 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Genetic & Environmental Determinants Of Immune Phenotype Variance: Establishing A Path Towards Personalized Medicine
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural products as modulators of age-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis: a systematic review of animal models.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Changes in the Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes ratio in the gut microbiome in individuals with anorexia nervosa following inpatient treatment: A systematic review and a case series.Brain and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Gut Prevotella stercorea associates with protection against infection in rural African children.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- An insight into the functional alterations in the gut microbiome of healthy adults in response to a multi-strain probiotic intake: a single arm open label trial.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Trial
- Gut microbiome stability and dynamics in healthy donors and patients with non-gastrointestinal cancers.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2021Trial
- Factors Associated With the Microbiome in Moderate-Late Preterm Babies: A Cohort Study From the DIAMOND Randomized Controlled Trial.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Omnidirectional Interaction Networks Modulating Phenotypic Plasticity in the Gut Microbiota Towards Ulcerative Colitis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients.mSystems · 2026Article
- Potential role of Akkermansia massiliensis in multiple sclerosis protection by the FcRL3 gene.Genes and immunity · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and cancer immunotherapy: from dysbiosis to personalized immune checkpoint blockade optimization.Folia microbiologica · 2026Review
- Translational Modeling of Gut Microbiome-Mediated Drug Metabolism: A Case Example of Sulfasalazine.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
- Indigenous gut microbes modulate neural cell state and neurodegenerative disease susceptibility.Cell systems · 2026Article
- Linking the microbiome to the complement system in geographic atrophy.NPJ genomic medicine · 2026Article
- Characterization of the oral microbiome in the diverse South African population by PacBio HiFi sequencing.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Genomics of host-microbiome interactions in humans.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Deciphering gut microbial impact in coronary artery disease through multimodal computational approaches.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Functional archetypes in the human gut microbiome reveal metabolic diversity, stability, and influence disease-associated signatures.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Gum Arabic modulates the microbiota-gut-brain axis and affects general fitness in zebrafish.Scientific reports · 2025Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe gut microbiome is an important determinant of human health. Its composition has been shown to be influenced by multiple environmental factors and likely by host genetic variation. In the framework of the Milieu Intérieur Consortium, a total of 1000 healthy individuals of western European ancestry, with a 1:1 sex ratio and evenly stratified across five decades of life (age 20-69), were recruited. We generated 16S ribosomal RNA profiles from stool samples for 858 participants. We investigated genetic and non-genetic factors that contribute to individual differences in fecal microbiome composition.
resultsAmong 110 demographic, clinical, and environmental factors, 11 were identified as significantly correlated with α-diversity, ß-diversity, or abundance of specific microbial communities in multivariable models. Age and blood alanine aminotransferase levels showed the strongest associations with microbiome diversity. In total, all non-genetic factors explained 16.4% of the variance. We then searched for associations between > 5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and the same indicators of fecal microbiome diversity, including the significant non-genetic factors as covariates. No genome-wide significant associations were identified after correction for multiple testing. A small fraction of previously reported associations between human genetic variants and specific taxa could be replicated in our cohort, while no replication was observed for any of the diversity metrics.
conclusionIn a well-characterized cohort of healthy individuals, we identified several non-genetic variables associated with fecal microbiome diversity. In contrast, host genetics only had a negligible influence. Demographic and environmental factors are thus the main contributors to fecal microbiome composition in healthy individuals.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01699893.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.