ArticleReproductive health2019
Prevalence and patterns of cigarette smoking before and during early and late pregnancy according to maternal characteristics: the first national data based on the 2003 birth certificate revision, United States, 2016.
Article in Reproductive health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Development and Validation of a Novel Placental DNA Methylation Biomarker of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy in the ECHO Program.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Trial
- Effects of Smoking Reduction and Cessation on Birth Outcomes in a Scheduled Gradual Reduction Cessation Trial.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Trial
- Context-dependent attention and memory outcomes resulting from combined prenatal THC and nicotine exposure following chronic stress.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2026Article
- Factors associated with stillbirth in São Paulo, Brazil: FetRiskS - a multidisciplinary case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Nicotine consumption and folate insufficiency in pregnancy: a population-based cross-sectional study.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2025Article
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drug Use During Pregnancy in the Longitudinal BELpREG Cohort in Belgium Between 2022 and 2024.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The association between neighborhood environment, prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco, and structural brain development.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Unveiling socioeconomic disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis of rural and Appalachian areas in Virginia utilizing the multi-dimensional YOST index.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Observational
- A protocol for modifying progesterone to increase postpartum cigarette smoking abstinence and reduce secondhand smoke exposure in infants.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2024Article
- Predictive factors and adverse perinatal outcomes associated with maternal smoking status.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A prediction model for classifying maternal pregnancy smoking using California state birth certificate information.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2024Article
- Exploring a Potential Interaction Between the Effect of Specific Maternal Smoking Patterns and Comorbid Antenatal Depression in Causing Postpartum Depression.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024Article
- Investigating the Role of Race and Stressful Life Events on the Smoking Patterns of Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States: A Multistate Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Phase 8 (2016-2018) Analysis.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Article
- Exploring the associations between serious psychological distress and the quantity or frequency of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use among pregnant women in the United States.Preventive medicine · 2023Article
- NeonatalToxics · 2023Article
- Association between maternal e-cigarette use during pregnancy and low gestational weight gain.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2023Article
- Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- The Effect of an eHealth Coaching Program (Smarter Pregnancy) on Attitudes and Practices Toward Periconception Lifestyle Behaviors in Women Attempting Pregnancy: Prospective Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
- Evaluating the relationship of in utero nicotine exposure with hypoglycemia after delivery: An observational study.Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of smoking by intensity status before pregnancy and during early (first and second trimester) and late (third trimester) pregnancy according to race/ethnicity, age, and educational attainment of women who gave birth in the United States in 2016.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was based on the 2016 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Natality File of 3,956,112 live births, the first year that it became 100% nationally representative. Self-reported smoking data were used to create new seven smoking intensity status categories to capture natural variability in smoking patterns during pregnancy and to identify maternal smokers by race/ethnicity, age, and educational attainment. The risk of smoking at low and high intensity in early pregnancy was estimated in multivariable logistic regression analyses.
resultsNearly 9.4% of women reported smoking before pregnancy and 7.1% during pregnancy, both at high and low intensity, and smoking rates were higher in the first trimester (7.1%) than in the second (6.1%) or the third (5.7%) trimester. Non-Hispanic White women, women 20-24 years old, and women with less than a high school education were the strongest predictors of smoking anytime during pregnancy. The odds of smoking in early pregnancy at high intensity were 88% lower (aOR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.13) for Hispanic women, compared to non-Hispanic White women; 16% higher (aOR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.21) for women 20-24 years old and 16% lower (aOR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.89) for women ≥35 years old, compared to women 25-29 years old; as well as 13% higher (aOR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.18) for women with less than a high school education and 92% lower (aOR 0.08, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.09) for women with a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to women with a high school diploma.
conclusionsDespite the high prevalence of high intensity smoking before and during pregnancy, future intervention strategies need to focus on the proportion of low intensity quitters and reducers, who are ready to stop smoking. Continual monitoring of trends in smoking intensity patterns is necessary, including neonatal outcomes over time.
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