Observational studyCancer medicine2019
Endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in patients with melanoma.
Observational study in Cancer medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring risk factors for endocrine-related immune-related adverse events: Insights from meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Anticancer Drugs-Related Hypogonadism in Male Patients with Advanced Cancers on Active Treatment: A Systematic Review.The oncologist · 2024Pooled it
- Guidelines for clinical evaluation of anti-cancer drugs.Cancer science · 2021Guideline
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Thyroid Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Possible Pathogenesis, and Management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Endocrinologist-Led Management of Endocrine Immune-Related Adverse Events: Real-World Evidence Supporting the Japan Endocrine Society Guidelines.Cancer medicine · 2026Observational
- Thyroid and cortisol endocrinopathies and survival in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in UAE.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Association between tumor genomic mutations and the risk of PD-1 inhibitor-induced hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related endocrinopathies: from immune crosstalk to predictive biomarkers and precision management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated hypothyroidism, macular rash and adrenal insufficiency: case report and review of the literature.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Review
- Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Diabetes Mellitus-A Brief Review and Three Case Reports.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Bone mineral density changes following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: insights from a case series analysis.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy-Related Hypophysitis: A Narrative Review.Cancers · 2025Review
- Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced adrenal insufficiency.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- From cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma to atrial myxoma, through nivolumab-induced hypophysitis: a complicated case report of Carney Complex.Endocrine · 2024Article
- The potential role of exercise in mitigating fertility toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2024Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced hypophysitis: a specific disease of corticotrophs?Endocrine connections · 2024Article
- Patterns of hormonal changes in hypophysitis by immune checkpoint inhibitor.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2024Article
- Thyroid disorders induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.Endocrine · 2024Review
- Early Serum Markers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Induced Hypophysitis in Melanoma Patients.Cancers · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune-checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to improve survival in melanoma patients, but can also trigger immune-related endocrinopathies, especially hypophysitis and thyroid dysfunction.
methodsTo assess the incidence and the spectrum of endocrinopathies in melanoma patients treated with immunotherapy a prospective observational study was conducted. Forty out of 339 patients, treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, developed endocrinopathies. All patients had hormonal functional tests at screening (before the initiation of immunotherapy) and during follow-up.
resultsThe total incidence of endocrinopathies was 11.8%, 13.4% due to anti-PD1/PDL1, 5% due to anti-CTLA4, and 18.5% due to sequential and/or combination treatment. Twenty-one patients (6.2%) presented with isolated anterior hypophysitis, eleven (3.2%) with primary thyroid dysfunction and eight (2.4%) with both abnormalities. The most frequent anterior pituitary hormone deficiency was central adrenal insufficiency, followed by central hypothyroidism and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. None of the patients with corticotroph axis failure recovered during follow-up. Endocrinopathies occurred after a median of 22 weeks (range: 4-156) from treatment initiation. Of note, sequential and/or combination therapy with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1/anti-PDL1 led to an almost threefold incidence of hypophysitis compared to either monotherapy. Only one of 120 patients receiving anti-CTLA4 monotherapy developed primary hypothyroidism.
conclusionsOur cohort demonstrated an increased incidence of hypophysitis with anti-PD1/anti-PDL1 in contrast to the rarity of primary thyroid dysfunction with anti-CTLA4 treatment. These results could be attributed to genetic/ethnic differences. Sequential treatment is, for the first time to our knowledge, reported to increase the risk of developing hypophysitis to a level as high as that of combination therapy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.