ArticleTobacco induced diseases2019
Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) by pregnant women I: Risk of small-for-gestational-age birth.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Birth outcomes following intrauterine exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative effects of electronic cigarettes and dual use of electronic and conventional cigarettes on adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of dual use of combustible tobacco and E-cigarettes among pregnant smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Pooled it
- The Health Effects of Real-World Dual Use of Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes versus the Health Effects of Exclusive Smoking of Conventional Cigarettes: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Vaping in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Pooled it
- Vaping during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Vaping during pregnancy and maternal, fetal, and infant health outcomes: A scoping review of human and animal studies.PloS one · 2026Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Vaping Aerosols: Mechanisms Disrupting White-Matter Formation.Toxics · 2025Review
- Electronic cigarettes and pregnancy: A social media content analysis.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Nicotine in e-cigarette aerosol reduces GABA neuron migration via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Altered uterine artery protein signature and function following E-cigarette exposure in pregnancy.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Fetal Growth Following Electronic Cigarette Use in Pregnancy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- The effects of inhaled pollutants on reproduction in marginalized communities: a contemporary review.Inhalation toxicology · 2024Review
- Predictors of Quitting Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Cigarettes During Pregnancy.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2024Article
- Use of E-Cigarettes and Cigarettes During Late Pregnancy Among Adolescents.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- E-cigarette effects on vascular function in animals and humans.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2023Review
- Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes of Women Who Differ in Smoking Status: E-Cigarette and Tobacco Cigarette Users.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2023Review
- Electronic cigarette vaping with aged coils causes acute lung injury in mice.Archives of toxicology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe 2016 US Surgeon General's Report suggests that the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is a fetal risk factor. However, no previous study has estimated their effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes. We assessed the prevalence of current ENDS use in pregnant women and explored the effect on birth weight and smallness-for-gestational-age (SGA), correcting for misclassification from nondisclosure of smoking status.
methodsWe conducted a cohort study with 248 pregnant women using questionnaire data and biomarkers (salivary cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide, and hair nicotine). We evaluated the association between birth weight and the risk of SGA by applying multivariate linear and log-binomial regression to reproductive outcome data for 232 participants. Participants who did not disclose their smoking status were excluded from the referent group. Sensitivity analysis corrected for misclassification of smoking/ENDS use status.
resultsThe prevalence of current ENDS use among pregnant women was 6.8% (95% CI: 4.4-10.2%); most of these (75%) were concurrent smokers. Using self-reports, the estimated risk ratio of SGA for ENDS users was nearly two times the risk in the unexposed (RR=1.9, 95% CI: 0.6-5.5), and over three times that for ENDS-only users versus the unexposed (RR=3.1, 95% CI: 0.8-11.7). Excluding from the referent group smokers who did not disclose their smoking status, the risk of SGA for ENDS-only use was 5 times the risk in the unexposed (RR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.1- 22.2), and almost four times for all types of ENDS users (RR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.3-11.2). SGA risk ratios for ENDS users, corrected for misclassification due to self-report, were 6.5-8.5 times that of the unexposed.
conclusionsOur data suggest that ENDS use is associated with an increased risk of SGA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.