ArticlePloS one2019
Implementation of intermittent theta burst stimulation compared to conventional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with treatment resistant depression: A cost analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Current Updates on Newer Forms of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Major Depression.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Pooled it
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for People With Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Health Technology Assessment.Ontario health technology assessment series · 2021Pooled it
- Comparison of the clinical efficacy, safety and EEG functional connectivity changes between 18-Hz rTMS and iTBS of accelerated dTMS treatment for major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on post-stroke depression (PSD): A study protocol for a single-center randomized controlled trial.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2026Article
- Article
- The effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on resting-state brain entropy (BEN).Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- Preliminary study on the efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) in adolescents with affective disorders, with and without antidepressants.General psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between rTMS-induced changes in inflammatory markers and improvement in psychiatric diseases: a systematic review.Annals of general psychiatry · 2024Review
- Preliminary findings of a randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: aFrontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Changes in pain following bilateral intermittent theta-burst, transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression: A retrospective chart review.Canadian journal of pain = Revue canadienne de la douleur · 2024Article
- Intermittent tetraburst stimulation combined with transcranial direct current stimulation once weekly for treatment-resistant depression: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2023Article
- Increasing striatal dopamine release through repeated bouts of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A 18F-desmethoxyfallypride positron emission tomography study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Neuromodulation for treatment-resistant depression: Functional network targets contributing to antidepressive outcomes.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Review
- Sham-derived effects and the minimal reliability of theta burst stimulation.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Factors affecting the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for patients with Alzheimer's disease.Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2021Review
- Prediction of response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in phantom sounds based on individual brain anatomy.Brain communications · 2021Article
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder: basic principles and future directions.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an evidence-based treatment for depression that is increasingly implemented in healthcare systems across the world. A new form of rTMS called intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) can be delivered in 3 min and has demonstrated comparable effectiveness to the conventional 37.5 min 10Hz rTMS protocol in patients with depression.
objectivesTo compare the direct treatment costs per course and per remission for iTBS compared to 10Hz rTMS treatment in depression.
methodsWe conducted a cost analysis from a healthcare system perspective using patient-level data from a large randomized non-inferiority trial (THREE-D). Depressed adults 18 to 65 received either 10Hz rTMS or iTBS treatment. Treatment costs were calculated using direct healthcare costs associated with equipment, coils, physician assessments and technician time over the course of treatment. Cost per remission was estimated using the proportion of patients achieving remission following treatment. Deterministic sensitivity analyses and non-parametric bootstrapping was used to estimate uncertainty.
resultsFrom a healthcare system perspective, the average cost per patient was USD$1,108 (SD 166) for a course of iTBS and $1,844 (SD 304) for 10Hz rTMS, with an incremental net savings of $735 (95% CI 688 to 783). The average cost per remission was $3,695 (SD 552) for iTBS and $6,146 (SD 1,015) for 10Hz rTMS, with an average incremental net savings of $2,451 (95% CI 2,293 to 2,610).
conclusionsThe shorter session durations and treatment capacity increase associated with 3 min iTBS translate into significant cost-savings per patient and per remission when compared to 10Hz rTMS.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.