ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
U.S. Adolescent and Adult Women's Experiences Accessing and Using Toilets in Schools, Workplaces, and Public Spaces: A Multi-Site Focus Group Study to Inform Future Research in Bladder Health.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toileting and Bladder Health in the Gig Economy.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2025Article
- Associations Between U.S. Women's Toileting Behaviors and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of RISE for HEALTH Study Data.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- Bladder Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs among US Adolescent Women.Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology · 2025Article
- Black women's perspectives on bladder health: Social-ecological and life course contexts.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2024Article
- Differential effects of healthcare worker burnout on psychotropic medication use and misuse by occupational level.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Creating a community advisory board for pediatric bladder health.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Effect of household toilet accessibility on physical health of ethnic minority adolescents: a longitudinal study from the China Education Panel Survey 2013 and 2014.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Need for Public Health Messaging Related to Bladder Health from Adolescence to Advanced Age.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Article
- Article
- Women's Knowledge of Bladder Health: What We Have Learned in the Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium.Current bladder dysfunction reports · 2022Article
- Toileting Behaviors and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Cross-sectional Study of Diverse Women in the United States.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2021Article
- Article
- Article
- Real-time daily assessment of work interference on healthcare professionals' restroom use: A pilot study.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2021Article
- Social Processes Informing Toileting Behavior Among Adolescent and Adult Women: Social Cognitive Theory as an Interpretative Lens.Qualitative health research · 2021Article
- Women's Perceptions of Public Restrooms and the Relationships with Toileting Behaviors and Bladder Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study.The Journal of urology · 2020Article
- Is the juice worth the squeeze? Transdisciplinary team science in bladder health.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2020Article
- Why Do Women Not Use the Bathroom? Women's Attitudes and Beliefs on Using Public Restrooms.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The World Health Organization recognizes access to clean and safe toilets as crucial for public health. This study explored U.S. adolescent and adult cisgender women's lived experiences accessing toilets in schools, workplaces, and public spaces. As part of the Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium, we conducted 44 focus groups with female participants (n = 360; ages 11-93). Focus groups were stratified by age (11-14, 15-17, 18-25, 26-44, 45-64, 65+) and conducted across 7 geographically diverse U.S. sites from July 2017-April 2018. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we conducted conventional qualitative coding informed by our PLUS conceptual framework and used content analysis processes to identify salient themes. Across settings, toilet access was restricted by "gatekeepers" (i.e., individuals who control access to toilets). In contrast, self-restricting toilet use (deciding not to use the toilet despite biologic need to urinate) was based on internalized norms to prioritize school and job responsibilities over urination. In public spaces, self-restricting use was largely in response to lack of cleanliness. Across the life course, participants perceived gender disparities in the ability to easily access public toilets. Further research is needed to determine if and how these factors impact bladder health across the life course.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.