ArticleCells2019
Altered Levels of Toll-Like Receptors in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Sclerosis.
Article in Cells, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Taking its TOLL: the role of toll-like receptor 4 in human health and disease, and its potential as a therapeutic target.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles From Multiple Sclerosis White Matter Exhibit Synaptic, Mitochondrial, Complement and Ageing-Related Pathway Dysregulation.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Investigating T-cell-derived extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of disease activity, axonal injury, and disability in multiple sclerosis.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Brain-derived blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis-current trends and beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Differential Protein Expression in Extracellular Vesicles Defines Treatment Responders and Non-Responders in Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Characterization of spinal cord tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in neuroinflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Meningeal inflammation as a driver of cortical grey matter pathology and clinical progression in multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Neuroinflammatory Modulation of Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Cargo Loading.Neuromolecular medicine · 2022Review
- Mitochondrial measures in neuronally enriched extracellular vesicles predict brain and retinal atrophy in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2022Article
- Neurovascular Unit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: From Their Physiopathological Roles to Their Clinical Applications in Acute Brain Injuries.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Current and Future Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- CNS endothelial derived extracellular vesicles are biomarkers of active disease in multiple sclerosis.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2022Article
- Combinational treatments of RNA interference and extracellular vesicles in the spinocerebellar ataxia.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Review
- RNA Sequencing of CD4Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2021Article
- Extracellular Vesicles as Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Mediators, Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Agents in Multiple Sclerosis.Aging and disease · 2021Review
- Serum ceramide levels are altered in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2021Article
- Review
- Synaptic and complement markers in extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2021Article
- TLR3-Activated Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Trigger Progression from Acute Viral Infection to Chronic Disease in the Lung.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in inter-cellular communication and their cargo may provide prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers. To discover EV-associated biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), we used an immune marker array to identify surface proteins on circulating EVs that differ between MS patients and controls (n = 3 each). We identified toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) as a potential target for further validation. We utilized prospectively collected serum from relapsing-remitting MS patients (n = 18) and controls (n = 16) and confirmed lower concentration of TLR3 and higher concentration of mechanistically related TLR4 in MS EVs compared to controls. Future studies may further evaluate the utility of EV-associated TLRs as MS biomarkers and uncover their mechanistic significance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.