ReviewImmunology2019
Cancer immune escape: MHC expression in primary tumours versus metastases.
Review in Immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Using Dendritic Cells in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Destabilizing the genome as a therapeutic strategy to enhance response to immune checkpoint blockade: a systematic review of clinical trials evidence from solid and hematological tumors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- Dendritic cell vaccines: Current research progress, challenges, and opportunities.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Identification of an Immune Cell Gene Signature for Predicting Response and Prognosis in Rectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- A Phase Ib Study of Chemoimmunotherapy with Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin and Pembrolizumab in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer.Cancer research communications · 2026Article
- Interactions Between Circulating Tumor Cells and the Immune System in Colorectal Cancer: Friends or Foes?Cancers · 2026Review
- Inverse relationship between neoantigen clonality and T-cell activity reveals distinct immune phenotypes in HNSCC.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- AI-powered mapping of tumor immunity for optimized mRNA vaccine engineering.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Endometrial carcinoma and immune escape: prognostic relevance of HLA class I loss in NSMP subtype.Histopathology · 2026Article
- In Silico Development of a Multi-epitope Vaccine Targeting TFDP3: A Novel Approach for Cancer Immunotherapy.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- Biological mechanism and immune response of MHC-II expression in tumor cells.Cancer biology & medicine · 2025Review
- The impact of aspirin on PD-L1 expression and alteration of M2 polarization in non-small cell lung cancer.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Article
- Advancing cancer research via comparative oncology.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Nanofilament immunotherapy induces potent antitumor vaccine responses.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Advances in cancer immunotherapy: historical perspectives, current developments, and future directions.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- B4GALT5 inhibits CD8Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Autophagy in tumor immune escape and immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Dissecting genetic regulation of metabolic coordination.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- The abscopal effects of sonodynamic therapy in cancer.British journal of cancer · 2025Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tumours can escape T-cell responses by losing major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/ human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. In the early stages of cancer development, primary tumours are composed of homogeneous HLA class I-positive cancer cells. Subsequently, infiltration of the tumour by T cells generates a vast diversity of tumour clones with different MHC class I expressions. A Darwinian type of T-cell-mediated immune selection results in a tumour composed solely of MHC class I-negative cells. Metastatic colonization is a highly complex phenomenon in which T lymphocytes and natural killer cells play a major role. We have obtained evidence that the MHC class I phenotype of metastatic colonies can be highly diverse and is not necessarily the same as that of the primary tumour. The molecular mechanisms responsible for MHC/HLA class I alterations are an important determinant of the clinical response to cancer immunotherapy. Hence, immunotherapy can successfully up-regulate MHC/HLA class I expression if the alteration is reversible ('soft'), leading to T-cell-mediated tumour regression. In contrast, it cannot recover this expression if the alteration is irreversible ('hard'), when tumour cells escape T-cell-mediated destruction with subsequent cancer progression. This review summarizes clinical and experimental data on the complexity of immune escape mechanisms used by tumour cells to avoid T and natural killer cell responses. We also provide in-depth analysis of the nature of MHC/HLA class I changes during metastatic colonization and contribute evidence of the enormous diversity of MHC/HLA class I phenotypes that can be produced by tumour cells during this process.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.