ArticlePsychological medicine2020
Cognitive paths from trauma to posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective study of Ehlers and Clark's model in survivors of assaults or road traffic collisions.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06669442 (The Effectiveness of Guided Imagery, a Mindfulness Technique, on PCL-5 Scores in Adult Women With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effectiveness of Guided Imagery, a Mindfulness Technique, on PCL-5 Scores in Adult Women With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of current treatments for trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder on reducing a negative self-concept: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2022Pooled it
- Does Cognitive Bias Modification for Appraisals Change Symptom-Cognition Relations in PTSD? Preliminary Evidence from Network Analysis in a Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical psychology & psychotherapyTrial
- Early risk factors and six month posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity following trauma.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Determinants of mental health in earthquake survivors: Trauma memories, cognitions, identity and safety-seeking behaviours in PTSD and CPTSD models.Psychology and psychotherapy · 2026Article
- When Memories Keep Grief Alive: A Dynamic Model of Memory Characteristics and Prolonged Grief.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics · 2026Article
- Pre-trauma cognitive traits predict fear generalization and associated prefrontal functioning in a longitudinal rodent model.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder in autistic and non-autistic adults: The impact of appraisals on reactions to traumatic events.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Article
- The impact of trauma and how to intervene: a narrative review of psychotraumatology over the past 15 years.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Association of adverse childhood experiences with physical illness and self-rated health in the population-based Tromsø Study.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- A temporal network analysis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosis symptoms.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- A systematic review of machine learning findings in PTSD and their relationships with theoretical models.Nature. Mental health · 2025Article
- Efficacy of the my health too online cognitive behavioral therapy program for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial.Internet interventions · 2024Article
- Cumulative Trauma Exposure and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms among Older Adults in South Africa: Does Post-Traumatic Growth Moderate this Link?Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma · 2024Article
- Predictors of 2-Year Trajectory of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Physical Injury.Depression and anxiety · 2024Article
- Differential predictors of early- and delayed-onset post-traumatic stress disorder following physical injury: a two-year longitudinal study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Changes in cognitive processes and coping strategies precede changes in symptoms during cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.Behaviour research and therapy · 2023Article
- Spurious Autobiographical Memory of Psychosis: A Mechanistic Hypothesis for the Resolution, Persistence, and Recurrence of Positive Symptoms in Psychotic Disorders.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Cueing natural event boundaries improves memory in people with post-traumatic stress disorder.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2023Article
- Coping strategies as a causal mediator of the effect of loss-related memory characteristics and negative loss-related appraisals on symptoms of PGD, PTSD and depression.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Development and Validation of the Bullied Cognitions Inventory (BCI).Cognitive therapy and research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIndividual differences in cognitive responses to trauma may represent modifiable risk factors that could allow early identification, targeted early treatment and possibly prevention of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ehlers and Clark's cognitive model of PTSD suggests that negative appraisals, disjointed trauma memories, and unhelpful coping strategies maintain PTSD. These are thought to be influenced by cognitive processing during trauma. The aim of this study was to test this model prospectively with path analyses.
methodsParticipants (N = 828) were recruited from an emergency department following injury in a violent assault or road traffic collision and 700 participated in the 6-month assessments. Cognitive processing was assessed shortly after the event, negative appraisals, disjointed memories, and unhelpful coping strategies at 1 month, persistent PTSD symptom severity at 6 months, and early PTSD symptom severity at 2 weeks.
resultsCognitive variables, with trauma type and gender, explained 52% of the variance in PTSD symptom severity at 6 months. Including early symptom severity in the model did not explain more variance (53%). Early PTSD symptom severity, with trauma type and gender, only predicted 40%. Negative appraisals and disjointed memories predicted persistent symptom severity both directly and indirectly via unhelpful strategies. Peritraumatic processing predicted persistent symptom severity mainly indirectly. The effects of trauma type and gender were fully mediated by the cognitive factors.
conclusionsThe results are consistent with theoretically derived predictions and support cognitive factors as indicators of risk for chronic PTSD and as a target for the treatment and prevention of PTSD.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.