Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31506072›Full record

ArticleNutrition journal2019

Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples.

Joseph Alvin Santos, Emalie Rosewarne, Martyna Hogendorf, Kathy Trieu, Arti Pillay, Merina Ieremia, Leausa Toleafoa Take Naseri, Isimeli Tukana, Wendy Snowdon, Kristina Petersen and 1 more

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Article in Nutrition journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Joseph Alvin SantosThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia. jsantos@georgeinstitute.org.au.ORCID 0000-0002-8195-3887
Emalie RosewarneThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
Martyna HogendorfThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
Kathy TrieuThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
Arti PillayPacific Research Centre for the Prevention of Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases, Fiji National University, Nasinu, Fiji.
Merina IeremiaMinistry of Health Samoa, Apia, Samoa.
Leausa Toleafoa Take NaseriMinistry of Health Samoa, Apia, Samoa.
Isimeli TukanaNational Wellness Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji.
Wendy SnowdonGlobal Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia.
Kristina PetersenThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
Jacqui WebsterThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThere is an increasing interest in finding less costly and burdensome alternatives to measuring population-level salt intake than 24-h urine collection, such as spot urine samples. However, little is known about their usefulness in developing countries like Fiji and Samoa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of spot urine samples to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa.

methodsThe study involved secondary analyses of urine data from cross-sectional surveys conducted in Fiji and Samoa between 2012 and 2016. Mean salt intake was estimated from spot urine samples using six equations, and compared with the measured salt intake from 24-h urine samples. Differences and agreement between the two methods were examined through paired samples t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient analysis, and Bland-Altman plots and analyses.

resultsA total of 414 participants from Fiji and 725 participants from Samoa were included. Unweighted mean salt intake based on 24-h urine collection was 10.58 g/day (95% CI 9.95 to 11.22) in Fiji and 7.09 g/day (95% CI 6.83 to 7.36) in Samoa. In both samples, the INTERSALT equation with potassium produced the closest salt intake estimate to the 24-h urine (difference of - 0.92 g/day, 95% CI - 1.67 to - 0.18 in the Fiji sample and + 1.53 g/day, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.77 in the Samoa sample). The presence of proportional bias was evident for all equations except for the Kawasaki equation.

conclusionThese data suggest that additional studies where both 24-h urine and spot urine samples are collected are needed to further assess whether methods based on spot urine samples can be confidently used to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa.

Indexed as

AdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFijiHumansMaleMiddle AgedSamoaSodium Chloride, DietaryUrine Specimen CollectionSodium Chloride, Dietary24-h urineFijiSalt intakeSamoaSpot urine

Identifiers

PMID31506072
PMCPMC6737719

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.