ReviewHearing research2019
Analyzing the FFR: A tutorial for decoding the richness of auditory function.
Review in Hearing research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Frequency-Following Responses in Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review.Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO · 2024Pooled it
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and auditory sensory alterations: a systematic review on the integrity of cognitive and neuronal functions related to auditory processing.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Pooled it
- Brainstem evoked auditory potentials in tinnitus: A best-evidence synthesis and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Frequency-Following Responses for Objective Neurophysiological Monitoring in Pediatric Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Proof of Concept Case Study During Non-Invasive Neuromodulation.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Motor signals modulate cortical but not subcortical processing of self-initiated sounds.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neurophysiological Evidence for Reduced Use of Prior Sound Patterns to Shape Speech Processing in Autism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Linking Auditory Brainstem Neural Stability to Parent-Reported Autistic Traits in School-Age Children.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Evaluating neural encoding of prosody-related F0 changes in emotional speech using the speech FFR in normal-hearing adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effect of Lateralization, Age, and Sex on Frequency Following Response in Children: Neural Speech Encoding to a 170 ms [da] Stimulus.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Event-Related Brain Potentials and Frequency-Following Response to Syllables in Newborns and Adults.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neural speech encoding in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: an exploratory study using frequency-following responses.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neural speech encoding advantages associated with higher socioeconomic status extend to noise conditions with differential susceptibility.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Bilingual Exposure and Sex Shape Developmental Trajectories of Brain Responses to Speech-Sound Features in Infants.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Brainstem encoding of speech in the extended high frequencies and its behavioral correlates.Journal of neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Observational
- Optimized Simultaneous Assessment of Subcortical and Cortical Auditory Responses Through a Frequency-Tagged Roving Paradigm.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Review
- Microsaccade Direction Reveals the Variation in Auditory Selective Attention Processes.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Spectral and Temporal Auditory Processing Skills in Children with a History of Speech and Language Delay.Journal of the American Academy of Audiology · 2025Article
- Sleep State Influences Early Sound Encoding at Cortical But Not Subcortical Levels.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Age-Related Decline in Neural Phase-Locking to Envelope and Temporal Fine Structure Revealed by Frequency Following Responses: A Potential Signature of Cochlear Synaptopathy Impairing Speech Intelligibility.Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO · 2025Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The frequency-following response, or FFR, is a neurophysiological response to sound that precisely reflects the ongoing dynamics of sound. It can be used to study the integrity and malleability of neural encoding of sound across the lifespan. Sound processing in the brain can be impaired with pathology and enhanced through expertise. The FFR can index linguistic deprivation, autism, concussion, and reading impairment, and can reflect the impact of enrichment with short-term training, bilingualism, and musicianship. Because of this vast potential, interest in the FFR has grown considerably in the decade since our first tutorial. Despite its widespread adoption, there remains a gap in the current knowledge of its analytical potential. This tutorial aims to bridge this gap. Using recording methods we have employed for the last 20 + years, we have explored many analysis strategies. In this tutorial, we review what we have learned and what we think constitutes the most effective ways of capturing what the FFR can tell us. The tutorial covers FFR components (timing, fundamental frequency, harmonics) and factors that influence FFR (stimulus polarity, response averaging, and stimulus presentation/recording jitter). The spotlight is on FFR analyses, including ways to analyze FFR timing (peaks, autocorrelation, phase consistency, cross-phaseogram), magnitude (RMS, SNR, FFT), and fidelity (stimulus-response correlations, response-to-response correlations and response consistency). The wealth of information contained within an FFR recording brings us closer to understanding how the brain reconstructs our sonic world.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.