ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2020
Food Insecurity May Be an Independent Risk Factor Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Low-Income Adults in the United States.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 82 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pediatric MASLD and Food Insecurity
Food Insecurity and MASLD: A Fruit and Vegetable Intervention Study
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of food insecurity on chronic liver disease: A systematic review of the literature.Hepatology communications · 2025Pooled it
- Malnutrition, Frailty, and Sarcopenia in Patients With Cirrhosis: 2021 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2021Guideline
- Lifestyle Intervention for Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior.BioMed research international · 2022Trial
- Food insecurity in the development of metabolic diseases.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Food insecurity and cardiometabolic diseases among people with HIV in West Africa.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Social and Functional Risk Patterns and All-Cause Mortality Among US Adults with Chronic Liver Disease.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Food Insecurity and Poverty Are Associated with Increased Risk for MASLD Among US Adults.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease assessment and management: Clinical practice guidance from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver.Canadian liver journal · 2026Article
- Joint effects of social determinants of health on NAFLD mortality: the mediating role of phenotypic age acceleration.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic Factors and Their Role in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Association of food insecurity with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by sex and race/ethnicity.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- A narrative review of lifestyle management guidelines for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2026Review
- Modern Diets, Metabolic Inequity, and Race-Ethnic Disparities: Unraveling the Associations With MASLD and Cancer Risk.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
- Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Devices in Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Article
- Food Insecurity and Chronic Liver and Gastrointestinal Conditions: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes.Gastro hep advances · 2026Review
- Food Insecurity and Mortality From Digestive Tract Diseases in the United States.Gastro hep advances · 2026Article
- Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in Egypt: Epidemiology, risk factors and management challenges.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Food Insecurity Is Highly Prevalent Amongst Patients With Chronic Liver Disease in Northern England: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025Article
- The association of food insecurity with hepatic steatosis in women with and without HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Predictors of health-seeking behavior in patients with chronic liver disease and a comparison of health-seeking based on patient-type.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considered a "barometer" of metabolic health, is the leading cause of liver disease in the United States. Despite established associations between food insecurity and obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, little is known about the relation between food insecurity and NAFLD.
objectiveWe sought to evaluate the association of food insecurity with NAFLD among low-income adults in the United States.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of adults from the NHANES (2005-2014 waves). Participants included adults in low-income households (≤200% of the federal poverty level) without chronic viral hepatitis or self-reported heavy alcohol use. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Security Survey. Our primary outcome was NAFLD, as estimated by the US Fatty Liver Index, and our secondary outcome was advanced fibrosis, as estimated by the NAFLD fibrosis score. The association between food insecurity (defined as low and very low food security) and hepatic outcomes was assessed using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic factors.
resultsAmong 2627 adults included in the analysis, 29% (95% CI: 26%, 32%) were food insecure. The median age was 43 y, 58% were female, and 54% were white. The weighted estimated prevalence of NAFLD did not differ significantly by food security status (food secure 31% compared with food insecure 34%, P = 0.21). In the multivariable model, food-insecure adults were more likely to have NAFLD (adjusted OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.77) and advanced fibrosis (adjusted OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.27, 3.82) compared with food-secure adults.
conclusionsFood insecurity may be independently associated with NAFLD and advanced fibrosis among low-income adults in the United States. Future strategies should assess whether improved food access, quality, and healthy eating habits will decrease the growing burden of NAFLD-associated morbidity and mortality among at-risk adults.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.