ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Chlamydia trachomatis and the Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Ectopic Pregnancy, and Female Infertility: A Retrospective Cohort Study Among Primary Care Patients.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of Five Clinically Relevant Genital Microorganisms Among Women in South America, 2014-2024: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Preconception indicators and associations with health outcomes reported in UK routine primary care data: a systematic review.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Pooled it
- The Correlation between Chlamydia Trachomatis and Female Infertility: A Systematic Review.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2022Pooled it
- Chlamydia trachomatis Incidence in Relation to Vaginal Microbiota Dynamics, Immunogenetics and Exposures in a Cohort of Young Student Women in France.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Youth-Friendly Sexual Health Services and Peer Support for Improved Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes Among Adolescents and Young Adults in South Africa: Results of a Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Trial
- Should we still treat asymptomaticSexually transmitted infections · 2026Article
- Article
- Chlamydia trachomatis-specific T Cell Immunity Reflects Widespread Exposure in South African Adolescents and Young Women.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- AFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Global, Regional and National Burden of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Trend Projections and Health Inequality Analysis, 1990-2021.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- A Scoping Review of Approaches to Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening for Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States.Nursing for women's health · 2025Article
- Investigating the influence of partner attitudes, norms and risk behavior on condom use decision-making during penile-vaginal sex with casual partners: a vignette study among dutch young people.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Single-cell atlas of cervical organoids uncovers epithelial immune heterogeneity and intercellular cross-talk during Chlamydia infection.Science advances · 2025Article
- Infections of chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma genitalium and neisseria gonorrhoeae among the outpatients of reproductive medicine center in Chongqing, China: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Community-Based Pilot Study ofMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Article
- Female Sex Workers in the Amazon Region of Brazil Are at High Risk ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- A Cyclic-di-AMP Adjuvanted CPAF Protein Vaccine Is Immunogenic in Swine, but It Fails to Reduce GenitalVaccines · 2025Article
- Chlamydial protease-like activity factor targets SLC7A11 for degradation to induce ferroptosis and facilitate progeny releases.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe evaluated the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility in women with a previous Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) diagnosis compared with women who tested negative for CT and CT untested women, considering both targeted and incidental (ie, prescribed for another indication) use of CT-effective antibiotics.
methodsThis was a retrospective study of women aged 12-25 years at start of follow-up within the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database linked to index of multiple deprivation quintiles, 2000-2013. CT test status and antibiotic use were determined in a time-dependent manner. Risk of PID, ectopic pregnancy, or female infertility were evaluated using of Cox proportional hazard models.
resultsWe studied 857 324 women, contributing 6 457 060 person-years. Compared with women who tested CT-negative, women who tested CT-positive had an increased risk of PID (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01-2.79), ectopic pregnancy (aHR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.38-2.54), and infertility (aHR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.27-2.68). The PID risk was higher for women with 2 or more positive CT tests than those with 1 positive test. PID risk increased with the number of previous antibiotic prescriptions, regardless of CT test status.
conclusionsWe showed an association between CT-positive tests and 3 adverse reproductive health outcomes. Moreover, this risk increased with repeat CT infections. CT-effective antibiotic use showed no decreased risks of subsequent PID regardless of CT history. Our results confirm the reproductive health burden of CT, which requires adequate public health interventions.
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