ArticlePaediatric and perinatal epidemiology2019
Gestational age, kindergarten-level literacy, and effect modification by maternal socio-economic and demographic factors.
Article in Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- How do socioeconomic inequalities and preterm birth interact to modify health and education outcomes? A narrative systematic review.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Cognitive assessment in children with intestinal failure on and weaned off parenteral nutrition.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2026Observational
- The role of social determinants of health in the developing injured brain.Current opinion in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Spillover effects of gestational age on sibling's literacy.Early child development and care · 2024Article
- Addressing Maternal and Child Health Disparities Through Perinatal Home Visiting.WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin · 2024Article
- Neuroimaging of brain connectivity related to reading outcomes in children born preterm: A critical narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Estimating sibling spillover effects with unobserved confounding using gain-scores.Annals of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Gestational age and child development at school entry.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundShorter gestational age at birth is associated with worse academic performance in childhood. Socio-economic and demographic factors that affect a child's development may modify the relationship between gestational age and later academic performance.
objectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate socio-economic and demographic effect modification of gestational age's association with kindergarten-level literacy skills in a longitudinal Wisconsin birth cohort.
methodsWe sampled 153 145 singleton births (2007-2010) that linked to Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening-Kindergarten (PALS-K) scores (2012-2016 school years). PALS-K outcomes included meeting the screening benchmark (≥28 points, range 0-102 points) and the standardised score. Multivariable linear regressions of PALS-K outcomes on gestational age (completed weeks) included individual interactions for five maternal attributes measured at delivery: Medicaid coverage, education, age, race/ethnicity, and marital status.
resultsEach additional completed gestational week was associated with a 0.5 percentage point increase in the probability of meeting the PALS-K literacy benchmark. The benefit of an additional week of gestational age was 0.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval 0.3, 0.7 percentage points) greater for Medicaid-covered births (0.8 percentage points) relative to non-Medicaid births (0.3 percentage points). Relative to only completing high school, having college education weakened this association by 0.3-0.6 percentage points, depending on years in college. Similar but modest relations emerged with standardised scores.
conclusionsSocio-economic advantage as indicated by non-Medicaid coverage or higher levels of completed maternal education may diminish the cost of preterm birth on a child's kindergarten-level literacy skills.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.