ArticleNeurosurgical review2020
The anatomy of the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery for endoscopic endonasal approach.
Article in Neurosurgical review, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endoscopic Transoral Approach to the Upper Parapharyngeal Space: A Cadaveric and Clinical Applicability Study.Head & neck · 2026Article
- Anatomical and surgical insights into double mandibular osteotomy with segmental rotation for parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa access.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2025Article
- Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Occipital Condyles and Their Clinical Significance.Cureus · 2025Article
- Compartmentalization of the human cephalic parapharyngeal space: a scoping review.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2025Article
- The trinity of the internal carotid artery: Unifying terminologies of the main classifications to improve its surgical understanding.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- [An anatomical road map of the parapharyngeal internal carotid artery in lateral and endoscopic ventral approaches].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2024Article
- [Advances in clinical anatomy of the transnasal approaches to the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2024Review
- Carotid Artery-Cavernous Segment Injury during an Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review of the Overlooked Option for Surgical Trapping in the Hyperacute Phase.Journal of neurological surgery reports · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Injury to the internal carotid artery (ICA) is a life-threatening complication of endoscopic endonasal approaches. The objective of this study is to illustrate the detail anatomy of the parapharyngeal segment of the ICA (PPICA) to safe endoscopic endonasal surgery. The anatomical dissection was performed in 10 cadaveric specimens and several crucial anatomical landmarks were identified and measured. In addition, 50 dry skulls were studied to further assess the relationship between the pharyngeal tubercle and carotid foramen. From the endoscopic endonasal perspective, in the median plane, the pharyngeal tubercle and the carotid foramen on both sides were located on a line. The average distance between the pharyngeal tubercle and anterior border of the external orifice of the carotid canal was measured as 25.2 ± 3.2 mm. In the paramedian plane, the PPICA was located between the levator veli palatini muscle (LVPM) and the stylopharyngeal muscle (SPM) in upper parapharyngeal space in all specimens, and the distance from the posterior border of the LVPM to the anterior border of the SPM was recorded as 15.1 ± 2.8 mm at the level of the carotid foramen. The distance from the attachment of the LVPM to the anterior border of the external orifice of the carotid canal was about 5.1 ± 0.2 mm. The fully developed stylopharyngeal fascia (SPhF) was observed in 10 cases, and the PPICA was always anteriorly enclosed by and adhered to the SPhF.
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