ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2019
Targeting innate immune mediators in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06158152 (A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study to Evaluate the Systemic Effect on Immunoinflammatory and Metabolic Status of an Oral Supplementation With AM3 in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome.), which is not on this map. Cited by 224 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study to Evaluate the Systemic Effect on Immunoinflammatory and Metabolic Status of an Oral Supplementation With AM3 in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome.
Who cites it
224 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 397 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Impact of DPP-4 Inhibitors on Interleukin Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammatory Mediators in the Oral Fluids and Blood Samples of Type 1 Diabetic Patients, According to Periodontal Status-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Exercise-induced modulation of gut microbiota in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- The harmful effect of ankylosing spondylitis on diabetes mellitus: new evidence from the Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- The role of interleukin-1β in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- The epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and management toward COVID-19 patients with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.Primary care diabetes · 2021Pooled it
- Acute interleukin-1β antagonism decreases systemic inflammation, increases GLP-1 release, and modulates insulin secretion in individuals with prediabetes.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Trial
- The Effect of Metformin on Insulin Requirement, Glycaemic Control and Weight Gain in Type 1 Diabetes During Pregnancy-a Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Multicentre Study.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Trial
- Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation has no anti-inflammatory effect in diabetes.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the dysfunctional characteristics of PBMCs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Do proinflammatory cytokines play a role in clozapine-associated glycometabolism disorders?Psychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Bioelectric signals promote diabetic bone regeneration through Piezo1-mediated activation of the efferocytic immune microenvironment.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Hierarchical Nanoplatform Integrating Oxidative-Acidic Microenvironment Remodeling and Bone Homeostasis Modulation for Diabetic Bone Defect Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Decoding Immunometabolic Dynamics of Adipose Tissue in Obesity: Evolving Evidence and Way Forward.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Review
- Dendritic Cells as Immunometabolic Regulatory Nodes in Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Reprogramming.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cellular Senescence and Aging: Mechanisms, Disease Convergence, and Therapeutic Frontiers.MedComm · 2026Review
- Acute and resolving inflammation differentially regulates beta cell function in mice via interactions between peritoneal and islet-associated macrophages.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Review
164 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by chronic inflammation; both diseases involve pancreatic islet inflammation, while systemic low-grade inflammation is a feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Long-term activation of the innate immune system impairs insulin secretion and action, and inflammation also contributes to macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. However, despite strong preclinical evidence and proof-of-principle clinical trials demonstrating that targeting inflammatory pathways can prevent cardiovascular disease and other complications in patients with diabetes, there are still no approved treatments for diabetes that target innate immune mediators. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes from a translational angle and point out the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to guide drug development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.