ArticlePediatrics2019
Food Insecurity, Health, and Development in Children Under Age Four Years.
Article in Pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do physical fitness and motor skill performances in underweight children differ from normal weight peers? A meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Food Insecurity and Child Development: A State-of-the-Art Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Household food insecurity and early childhood development: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Maternal & child nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Social programme receipt and child health, healthcare access and utilisation among low-income US households: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Survey for Child Health.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Associations of Neighborhood Food Access with Child Body Mass Index and Obesity.Childhood obesity (Print) · 2026Article
- Linking Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies to Children's Dietary Intake in Urban Areas in Surabaya, Indonesia.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Household Food Insecurity Risk and Weight Status Outcomes in Early Childhood: A Public Health Perspective.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Article
- Household food insecurity, nutrient intakes and BMI in New Zealand infants.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department visits in adults with diabetes: findings from the national health interview survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Household food insecurity and its impact on child and adolescent health outcomes in Western high-income countries: a rapid review of mechanisms and associations.Public health nutrition · 2025Review
- Breastfeeding Among First-Time Mothers Reporting Housing Insecurity and Food Insecurity.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- Food and Housing Insecurity, Resource Allocation, and Follow-up in a Pediatric Emergency Department.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Interventions to mitigate infant food insecurity in high-income countries: an overview of current evidence.Nutrire : revista de Sociedade Brasileira de Alimentacao e Nutricao = journal of the Brazilian Society of Food and Nutrition · 2025Article
- Food Insecurity Screening and Referral Practices of Pediatric Clinicians in Metropolitan Washington, DC.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Perceived Discrimination Among Food Pantry Clients in Massachusetts.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
- Prevalence and socio-economic determinants of growth and developmental delays among Iranian children aged under five years: A cross sectional study.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Implementing Inpatient Social Needs Screening in an Urban Tertiary Care Children's Hospital.Hospital pediatrics · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesFood insecurity and pediatric obesity affect young children. We examine how food insecurity relates to obesity, underweight, stunting, health, and development among children <4 years of age.
methodsCaregivers of young children participated in a cross-sectional survey at medical centers in 5 US cities. Inclusion criteria were age of <48 months. Exclusion criteria were severely ill or injured and private health insurance. The Household Food Security Survey Module defined 3 exposure groups: food secure, household food insecure and child food secure, and household food insecure and child food insecure. Dependent measures were obesity (weight-age >90th percentile), underweight (weight-age <5th percentile), stunting (height/length-age <5th percentile), and caregiver-reported child health and developmental risk. Multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted for demographic confounders, maternal BMI, and food assistance program participation examined relations between exposure groups and dependent variables, with age-stratification: 0 to 12, 13 to 24, 25 to 36, and 37 to 48 months of age.
resultsWithin this multiethnic sample (
conclusionsAmong children <4 years of age, food insecurity is associated with fair or poor health and developmental risk, not with anthropometry. Findings support American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for food insecurity screening and referrals to help families cope with economic hardships and associated stressors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.