ArticleBMJ open2019
Tolerogenic dendritic cell-based treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS): a harmonised study protocol for two phase I clinical trials comparing intradermal and intranodal cell administration.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A "negative"dendritic Cell-based Vaccine for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: a First-in-human Clinical Trial
Tolerance-Induction With Dendritic Cells Treated With Vitamin-D3 and Loaded With Myelin Peptides, in Multiple Sclerosis Patients (TOLERVIT-MS)
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of antigen-specific therapeutic approaches for multiple sclerosis: Systematic review.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Immune tolerance platforms to mitigate unwanted immune responses.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Autoantigen-loaded Polymeric Microparticles associate with B cells and promote tolerogenic antigen presentation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- T cell-targeted immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives from Traditional Chinese medicine.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Targeting the pMHC-TCR Interaction: Molecular Strategies and Therapeutic Potential in Autoimmunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Resilience of human tolerogenic dendritic cells to physiological oxygen supports clinical application: functional stability amidst glycolytic and differentiation shifts.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Article
- Emerging Cell-Based Therapies for Systemic Sclerosis: From Stem Cells to CAR-T Cells.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Cellular Immunotherapies for Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Advances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology-driven delivery of dexamethasone for arthritis: The role of liposomes.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Interferon-γ-induced tolerogenic dendritic cells ameliorate autoimmune neuroinflammation and suppress T-cell responses in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Protocol of generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells affects their transcriptional and metabolic profiles leading to specific tolerogenic functions.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- Reprogramming autoimmunity: inducing antigen-specific tolerance via apoptotic mimicry in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Leveraging current insights on IL-10-producing dendritic cells for developing effective immunotherapeutic approaches.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Current status of xenotransplantation from an immunobiological standpoint.Clinical transplantation and research · 2025Review
- The Biology of Dendritic Cells: In Health and Disease.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Human tolerogenic dendritic cell subtypes exert divergent effects on induction of cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
35 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionBased on the advances in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), currently available disease-modifying treatments (DMT) have positively influenced the disease course of MS. However, the efficacy of DMT is highly variable and increasing treatment efficacy comes with a more severe risk profile. Hence, the unmet need for safer and more selective treatments remains. Specifically restoring immune tolerance towards myelin antigens may provide an attractive alternative. In this respect, antigen-specific tolerisation with autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) is a promising approach. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Here, we will evaluate the clinical use of tolDC in a well-defined population of MS patients in two phase I clinical trials. In doing so, we aim to compare two ways of tolDC administration, namely intradermal and intranodal. The cells will be injected at consecutive intervals in three cohorts receiving incremental doses of tolDC, according to a best-of-five design. The primary objective is to assess the safety and feasibility of tolDC administration. For safety, the number of adverse events including MRI and clinical outcomes will be assessed. For feasibility, successful production of tolDC will be determined. Secondary endpoints include clinical and MRI outcome measures. The patients' immune profile will be assessed to find presumptive evidence for a tolerogenic effect in vivo. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was obtained for the two phase I clinical trials. The results of the trials will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal, at scientific conferences and to patient associations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT02618902 and NCT02903537; EudraCT numbers: 2015-002975-16 and 2015-003541-26.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.