Observational studyBiology of sex differences2019
Sex differences in fetal growth and immediate birth outcomes in a low-risk Caucasian population.
Observational study in Biology of sex differences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- The influence of fetal sex on maternal blood pressure in pregnancy.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Sexual Dimorphism in Placental mTORC1 Signaling, Amino Acid Transport, and Mitochondrial Respiration at Term.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Normative volumetric growth modeling of the whole fetal body, placenta, and amniotic fluid for three-dimensional T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.Pediatric radiology · 2026Article
- Genetic and maternal environmental contributions to estimated fetal weight at 20 weeks gestation compared with birthweight.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- A rapid review of genetic association studies of parent-of-origin effects and fetal growth.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Review
- Mind the Litter: The Critical Role of Intralitter Variables in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Research.Birth defects research · 2026Review
- Normative volumetric growth modeling of the whole fetal body, placenta and amniotic fluid for 3-dimensional T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in global metrics of brain size across the lifespan.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Predictors of infant birth weights: Role of the Lebanese mediterranean diet, psychosocial factors and maternal health status.PloS one · 2026Article
- Effects of Exposure to Chromium During Pregnancy on Fetal Growth and a Possible Sex-Dependent Response: Results of Cross-sectional Study.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Feto-placental endothelial cells of female neonates are more susceptible to gestational diabetes-induced changes.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2025Article
- Review
- The role of sex differences in cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune functions in health and disease: a review for "Sex Differences in Health Awareness Day".Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Second-trimester anthropometric estimators of cesarean section: the agreement between body roundness index, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Delving Relationship between Head Circumference and Maxillary Anterior Teeth Dimensions.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2025Article
- The role of androgens and global and tissue-specific androgen receptor expression on body composition, exercise adaptation, and performance.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Prenatal organophosphate pesticide exposure and sex-specific estimated fetal size.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in delivery and neonatal characteristics of new-borns from the "MAMI-MED" cohort.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Maternal fatty acid intake and human embryonic growth: the Rotterdam Periconception Cohort.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Distinct maternofetal immune signatures delineate preterm birth onset following urinary tract infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccording to the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group recommendations, boys and girls have different growth trajectories after birth. Our aim was to develop gender-specific fetal growth curves in a low-risk population and to compare immediate birth outcomes.
methodsFirst, second, and third trimester fetal ultrasound examinations were conducted between 2002 and 2012. The data was selected using the following criteria: routine examinations in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, Caucasian ethnicity, and confirmation of gestational age by a crown-rump length (CRL) measurement in the first trimester. Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) was used to align the time frames of the longitudinal fetal measurements, corresponding with the methods of the postnatal growth curves of the WHO MGRS Group.
resultsA total of 27,680 complete scans were selected from the astraia© ultrasound database representing 12,368 pregnancies. Gender-specific fetal growth curves for biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL) were derived. The HC and BPD were significantly larger in boys compared to girls from 20 weeks of gestation onwards (p < 0.001) equating to a 3-day difference at 20-24 weeks. Boys were significantly heavier, longer, and had greater head circumference than girls (p < 0.001) at birth. The Apgar score at 1 min (p = 0.01) and arterial cord pH (p < 0.001) were lower in boys.
conclusionsThese longitudinal fetal growth curves for the first time allow integration with neonatal and pediatric WHO gender-specific growth curves. Boys exceed head growth halfway of the pregnancy, and immediate birth outcomes are worse in boys than girls. Gender difference in intrauterine growth is sufficiently distinct to have a clinically important effect on fetal weight estimation but also on the second trimester dating. Therefore, these differences might already play a role in early fetal or immediate neonatal management.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.