ArticlePloS one2019
Valid group comparisons can be made with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A measurement invariance study across groups by demographic characteristics.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Available Normative Data on Neuropsychological Tests for Spanish Speakers in the U.S., Latin America and the Caribbean, and Spain.Neuropsychology review · 2026Pooled it
- Cumulative Risk and Cumulative Protection: Relative Contributions to Predicting Substance Use, Antisocial Behaviour and Mental Health Across Development.Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Physical frailty, depression and multimorbidity among older adults in Lima, Peru: a cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Validity of the two different scoring methods of the Clinical Dementia Rating scale in staging and detection of cognitive impairment in the Peruvian population.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Article
- Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- "Helpful in Thinking Through the Question": Redesigning the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 for Depression Assessment to Enhance Patient Engagement and Understanding.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- Bridging Gaps: Enhancing Sleep and Health Disparities in Latino Families with Young Adults with Autism Using a Culturally Adapted Intervention.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Association between the condition of living alone and the presence of depressive symptoms in adults in Peru: an analysis of nationally representative survey data.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2026Observational
- Disclosing depressive symptoms: perceived sensitivity of PHQ-9 items in a general population sample.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Cultural influences on camouflaging and autistic burnout: Examining the experiences of Latino autistic young adults.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Article
- Adaptation to Aymara language and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian and Bolivian populations.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Decolonizing mental health: how native languages reshape depression network architecture in 31,276 Peruvians.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Depressive symptoms, violence, and discrimination among transgender women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2025Article
- Functional capacity in Peruvian people with Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional study of the association between pain and depression in patients with brachial plexopathy.Discover mental health · 2025Article
- Observational
- Assessing evidence of measurement invariance of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) by gender in a German adult sample.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Neurocognitive disorders, depression, and associated factors in younger and older adults from an urban-marginalized area of Peru.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAnalyze the measurement invariance and the factor structure of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in the Peruvian population.
methodSecondary data analysis performed using cross-sectional data from the Health Questionnaire of the Demographic and Health Survey in Peru. Variables of interest were the PHQ-9 and demographic characteristics (sex, age group, level of education, socioeconomic status, marital status, and area of residence). Factor structure was evaluated by standard confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and measurement invariance by multi-group CFA, using standard goodness-of-fit indices criteria for interpreting results from both CFAs. Analysis of the internal consistency (α and ω) was also pursued.
resultsData from 30,449 study participants were analyzed, 56.7% were women, average age was 40.5 years (standard deviation (SD) = 16.3), 65.9% lived in urban areas, 74.6% were married, and had 9 years of education on average (SD = 4.6). From standard CFA, a one-dimensional model presented the best fit (CFI = 0.936; RMSEA = 0.089; SRMR = 0.039). From multi-group CFA, all progressively restricted models had ΔCFI<0.01 across almost all groups by demographic characteristics. PHQ-9 reliability was optimal (α = ω = 0.87).
conclusionsThe evidence presents support for the one-dimensional model and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 measure, allowing for reliable comparisons between sex, age groups, education level, socioeconomic status, marital status, and residence area, and recommends its use within the Peruvian population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.