ReviewLupus science & medicine2019
Interferon pathway in SLE: one key to unlocking the mystery of the disease.
Review in Lupus science & medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04558814 (Evaluation of Serum Galectin-9 Level in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and it's Association With Disease Activity and Organ Damage), which is not on this map. Cited by 196 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Serum Galectin-9 Level in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and it's Association With Disease Activity and Organ Damage
Who cites it
196 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes and odds of lupus nephritis-associated kidney failure in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Unravelling the connection between interferons and systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Imbalance of Th17 cells, Treg cells and associated cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Imbalance of helper T cell type 1, helper T cell type 2 and associated cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Interferon-Inducible Protein 10 and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Filgotinib or lanraplenib in moderate to severe cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2022Trial
- InterferonFrontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Integrative post-GWAS analysis prioritizes immune regulatory pathways and candidate effector signals in systemic lupus erythematosus.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Advances in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: Biologicals, small-molecular agents, and cell-depleting therapies coming to the clinic.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Anifrolumab in Refractory Discoid Lupus Erythematosus without Systemic Involvement: A Case Series of Five Patients.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Level Characterization of B Cell Depletion and Repopulation Following Rituximab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Methylation and polygenic risk scores capture different features of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Deep interpretable learning of sample representations for characterizing disease states in single-cell transcriptomics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Decoding Lupus Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapy: From Systemic Autoimmunity to Renal Damage.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Viral metagenomic analysis of the blood virome in patients with multiple autoimmune diseases.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Frailty phenotype, genetic risk and long-term incident systemic lupus erythematosus risk: Insights from the UK Biobank study integrated with multi-omics analysis.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2026Article
- Genetic determinants of childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
136 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SLE is characterised by an activation of the interferon (IFN) system, which leads to an increased expression of IFN-regulated genes. The reasons behind the IFN signature in SLE are (1) the existence of endogenous IFN inducers, (2) activation of several IFN-producing cell types, (3) production of many different IFNs, (4) a genetic setup promoting IFN production and (5) deficient negative feedback mechanisms. The consequences for the immune system is a continuous stimulation to an immune response, and for the patient a number of different organ manifestations leading to typical symptoms for SLE. In the current review, we will present the existing knowledge of the IFN system and pathway activation in SLE. We will also discuss how this information can contribute to our understanding of both the aetiopathogenesis and some organ manifestations of the disease. We will put forward some issues that are unresolved and should be clarified in order to make a proper stratification of patients with SLE, which seems important when selecting a therapy aiming to downregulate the IFN system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.