SynthesisNeuroImage2019
A decade of test-retest reliability of functional connectivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in NeuroImage, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07479966 (Resting-state Connectivity and Individual Differences in Affective Placebo Responsiveness), which is not on this map. Cited by 335 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Resting-state Connectivity and Individual Differences in Affective Placebo Responsiveness
Who cites it
335 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Reliability, Device Agreement and Validity of Load-Velocity Profiles: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Heterogeneity in measurement of NIHSS: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Increased functional network connectivity following cognitive rehabilitation in progressive multiple sclerosis with moderate to severe disabilty: findings from the CogEx study.Journal of neurology · 2026Trial
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- Triple network model of brain connectivity changes related to adverse mood effects in an oral contraceptive placebo-controlled trial.Translational psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Low Emotional Awareness and Altered Frontostriatal Functional Connectivity During Reward Processing Prospectively Predict Depressive Symptoms in At-Risk Youth.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Clinical-State Validation Should Precede Patient-Level Use of Glioma Connectivity Anomaly Maps.NMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
- Beyond the General Linear Model: Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling of fMRI Data from the Human Connectome Project.Neuroinformatics · 2026Article
- Resting-state brain age is associated with cognitive and sensorimotor abnormalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a validation & longitudinal study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cerebellar Contributions to Cerebral Connectivity in Severe Mental Illness: A Developmental Cascade and Predictive-Modeling Framework with Autistic Disorder as the Focal Case.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Neuroimaging biomarkers of the brain-heart axis in Takotsubo syndrome: regional convergence without directional consistency: a systematic review and biomarker qualification appraisal.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- Multimodal MRI Characterization of Structural and Resting-State Functional Brain Alterations in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Transdiagnostic Neurobiology of Social Cognition and Individual Variability as Measured by Fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Autism and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Feasibility of precision functional mapping in youth multi-echo fMRI data.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Functional connectivity changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder following exposure and response prevention.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations between transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology and brain structure and function in youth: What have we learned from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study?Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Functional brain organization is stable within individuals across years.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Feature selection leads to divergent neurobiological interpretations of brain-based machine learning biomarkers.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Test-Retest Reliability of Sensorimotor Activity Measured With Spinal Cord fMRI.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
275 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOnce considered mere noise, fMRI-based functional connectivity has become a major neuroscience tool in part due to early studies demonstrating its reliability. These fundamental studies revealed only the tip of the iceberg; over the past decade, many test-retest reliability studies have continued to add nuance to our understanding of this complex topic. A summary of these diverse and at times contradictory perspectives is needed.
objectivesWe aimed to summarize the existing knowledge regarding test-retest reliability of functional connectivity at the most basic unit of analysis: the individual edge level. This entailed (1) a meta-analytic estimate of reliability and (2) a review of factors influencing reliability.
methodsA search of Scopus was conducted to identify studies that estimated edge-level test-retest reliability. To facilitate comparisons across studies, eligibility was restricted to studies measuring reliability via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The meta-analysis included a random effects pooled estimate of mean edge-level ICC, with studies nested within datasets. The review included a narrative summary of factors influencing edge-level ICC.
resultsFrom an initial pool of 212 studies, 44 studies were identified for the qualitative review and 25 studies for quantitative meta-analysis. On average, individual edges exhibited a "poor" ICC of 0.29 (95% CI = 0.23 to 0.36). The most reliable measurements tended to involve: (1) stronger, within-network, cortical edges, (2) eyes open, awake, and active recordings, (3) more within-subject data, (4) shorter test-retest intervals, (5) no artifact correction (likely due in part to reliable artifact), and (6) full correlation-based connectivity with shrinkage.
conclusionThis study represents the first meta-analysis and systematic review investigating test-retest reliability of edge-level functional connectivity. Key findings suggest there is room for improvement, but care should be taken to avoid promoting reliability at the expense of validity. By pooling existing knowledge regarding this key facet of accuracy, this study supports broader efforts to improve inferences in the field.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.