ArticleScientific reports2019
Visual impairment in high flow and low flow carotid cavernous fistula.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Endovascular Treatment of Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. Institutional Series, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical neuroradiology · 2022Pooled it
- Long-term ocular outcomes and prognostic factors for clinical recovery in carotid cavernous fistulas: a retrospective single-center study of 141 eyes.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Likelihood of spontaneous closure of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas based on clinical and radiological findings.Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences · 2025Article
- Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas: a 16-year retrospective analysis of multimodal treatment strategies and long-term clinical outcomes.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Multimodal endovascular management of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas: case series and lessons learned.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Neovascular glaucoma with combined retinal vascular occlusion in carotid cavernous fistula.BMJ case reports · 2023Article
- Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula with primary clinical manifestation of cerebral infarction: description of two cases.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2023Article
- Direct and Dural Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistulas: Comparison of Clinical Characteristics.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Case report: emergent endovascular treatment for carotid cavernous fistulas presenting as intracranial hemorrhage.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Clinical Risk Score for Prediction of Urgency in Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistulas.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Carotid cavernous fistula: Redefining the angioarchitecture.Journal of cerebrovascular and endovascular neurosurgery · 2022Article
- Undiagnosed malignant hypertension presenting as a direct spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula with complete loss of vision and hyphaema.BMJ case reports · 2022Article
- Transvenous Approaches to Embolization of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae of the Cavernous Sinus.Journal of neuroendovascular therapy · 2022Review
- Observation of fundus and optical coherence tomography angiography manifestations in carotid cavernous fistula patients.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2021Article
- Dural arteriovenous fistula mimicking as post-traumatic lateral rectus paresis.Oman journal of ophthalmologyArticle
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Our aim is to study the varied posterior segment manifestations, level of visual impairment (VI) and its causes in carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) patients. A retrospective study was done, wherein data was obtained from 48 digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) proven CCF patients. CCF was classified according to Barrow et al., based on DSA into type A (high flow) and types B, C and D (low flow). High flow CCF was present in 8 (16.7%) and low flow CCF was present in 42 (83.3%). Compared to low flow group, patients in high flow group were younger and had a history of trauma (p < 0.05). Posterior segment findings ranged from familiar stasis retinopathy and optic neuropathy (both, glaucomatous and ischemic) to uncommon findings of central retinal artery occlusion, Terson syndrome and combined retinal and choroidal detachment. Retinal vein dilatation was the most common finding in both groups. The high flow CCF group had 6 (75%) patients that had VI. This was acute in 4 (50%) patients and delayed in 2 (25%). In the low flow group 10 (23.8%) of patients had delayed VI. The identification of "3 point sign" is a novel finding of this study, not described before. While none of three findings (disc hyperaemia, retinal vein dilatation and intra-retinal haemorrhage) in isolation were predictive of visual loss, but when present together results in visual loss. Posterior segment changes were varied, some are uncommon and can occur in various combinations. "3 point sign" must be identified at the earliest to prevent visual impairment. The incidence of VI in CCF patients is high.
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