ArticleBMC cancer2019
Glutamate metabotropic receptor 4 (GRM4) inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion in breast cancer and is regulated by miR-328-3p and miR-370-3p.
Article in BMC cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression Profile of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Lung Adenocarcinoma: GRM5 and Validation of Its Targeting Drug Cinchonine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic and differential gene analysis investigating the differences in biological behaviour between subtypes of feline alimentary lymphoma.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Neurotransmitters and Immunity: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Potential Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2025Review
- Aberrant coupling of glutamate and tyrosine kinase receptors enables neuronal control of brain-tumor growth.Neuron · 2025Article
- Cancer and neurotransmitter receptors.Chinese medical journal · 2025Review
- Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4-mediated glutamatfergic signaling reshapes the tumor microenvironment by regulating dendritic cell maturation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Glutamate metabotropic receptor 4 in breast cancer: a potential and specific target for chimeric antigen receptor therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
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- The role of the ALKBH5 RNA demethylase in invasive breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- G protein-coupled receptors: a gateway to targeting oncogenic EVs?Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2024Review
- Insights on the Multifaceted Roles of Wild-Type and Mutated Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathogenesis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The Clinical Significance of Genetic Variation in Ovarian Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
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- Recent findings on miR‑370 expression, regulation and functions in cancer (Review).Oncology reports · 2023Review
- MAD2B Blunts Chronic Unpredictable Stress and Corticosterone Stimulation-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Article
- Exploring neurotransmitters and their receptors for breast cancer prevention and treatment.Theranostics · 2023Review
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- Circulating Exosomal microRNAs as Predictive Biomarkers of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlutamate metabotropic receptors (GRM) play a variety of roles in neuronal cells. However, their clinical significance and biological functions in breast cancer remain unknown.
methodsRNA sequencing data of breast cancer was obtained from the TCGA dataset (v2) and mined for the expression profiles of GRM family according to cancer subtypes. mRNA expression of GRM family in breast cancer tissues and para-cancerous tissue samples as well as breast cancer cell lines were measured by qPCR. The effects of over- and under-expression of GRM4 on cell capabilities to survive, migrate and invade were determined by colony formation, transwell migration and invasion assays. To explore the upstream regulation pattern of GRM4, miRNAs that target GRM4 were predicted and validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of GRM4 regulated by these miRNAs were further measured by qPCR and western blot assay.
resultsGRM4 was the only GRM member that expressed in breast cancer tissues. Ectopic expression of GRM4 was correlated with better prognosis of breast cancer patients. Overexpression of GRM4 could significantly inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion capacity in MDA-MB-231, while knockdown of GRM4 could promote these processes. miR-328-3p and miR-370-3p were predicted to regulate the expression of GRM4 and dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-328-3p and miR-370-3p directly bound to the 3' UTR of GRM4 and mutations on the binding regions on GRM4 significantly decreased the luciferase activity. qPCR demonstrated that expression of miR-328-3p and miR-370-3p was significantly decreased in breast cancer tissues and cells compared with that in control samples. However, there were no correlations between the expression of miR-328-3p and GRM4, as well as the expression of miR-370-3p and GRM4. Moreover, overexpression of miR-328-3p and miR-370-3p counteracted the inhibitory effect of GRM4-induced cell proliferation, migration and invasion.
conclusionsOur results suggest that GRM4 might be a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer under the direct regulation of miR-328-3p and miR-370-3p.
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