ReviewViruses2019
Twenty Years of Progress Toward West Nile Virus Vaccine Development.
Review in Viruses, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- West Nile virus: epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and open research questions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- West Nile Virus in People with HIV: Immune Vulnerability, Neuroinvasive Disease, and Diagnostic Challenges.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- A distinct E dimer epitope underlies selective recognition by a protective human West Nile virus antibody.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- A yellow fever 17D and Usutu virus chimera with rationally designed mutations in the envelope protein is lethal in an IfnarVirology journal · 2026Article
- West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: Current Management, Emerging Therapies and Future Clinical Trial Priorities.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- Review
- A Modular Design of a Cholera Toxin B Subunit-Scaffolded Sub-Virion Nanoparticle Vaccine Against West Nile Virus.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Pharmaceutical Strategies for West Nile Virus in Europe, an Underrecognized Cause of Severe Disease and Mortality in Older Adults: From Supportive Care to Antiviral Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Prophylaxis with a Comparative Insight from Italy and Iran.Vaccines · 2026Review
- West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease and cardiac involvement in critically ill patients in central Italy: a case series.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- West Nile Virus in a changing climate: epidemiology, pathology, advances in diagnosis and treatment, vaccine designing and control strategies, emerging public health challenges - a comprehensive review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Review
- West Nile virus vaccine candidates attenuated by dinucleotide enrichment are immunogenic and protective against lethal infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Extrapolation and comparison of West Nile virus- and Usutu virus-associated neurological diseases in humans: linking pathology to clinical symptoms.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Prevalence of Chikungunya, Dengue, and West Nile arboviruses in Iran based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Global epidemiology · 2025Article
- LncRNAJournal of virology · 2025Article
- A review of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Dengue virus and West Nile virus in Southern Africa.Virusdisease · 2025Review
- Seasonal Bird Migration Could Explain Regional Synchronicity and Amplification in Human West Nile Virus Case Numbers.GeoHealth · 2025Article
- Advancements and Challenges in Addressing Zoonotic Viral Infections with Epidemic and Pandemic Threats.Viruses · 2025Review
- Immunity to Non-Dengue Flaviviruses Impacts Dengue Virus Immunoglobulin G Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Specificity in Cambodia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Impacts of Urbanization and Habitat Characteristics on the Human Risk of West Nile Disease in the United States.Biology · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although West Nile virus (WNV) has been a prominent mosquito-transmitted infection in North America for twenty years, no human vaccine has been licensed. With a cumulative number of 24,714 neurological disease cases and 2314 deaths in the U.S. since 1999, plus a large outbreak in Europe in 2018 involving over 2000 human cases in 15 countries, a vaccine is essential to prevent continued morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Currently, four veterinary vaccines are licensed, and six vaccines have progressed into clinical trials in humans. All four veterinary vaccines require multiple primary doses and annual boosters, but for a human vaccine to be protective and cost effective in the most vulnerable older age population, it is ideal that the vaccine be strongly immunogenic with only a single dose and without subsequent annual boosters. Of six human vaccine candidates, the two live, attenuated vaccines were the only ones that elicited strong immunity after a single dose. As none of these candidates have yet progressed beyond phase II clinical trials, development of new candidate vaccines and improvement of vaccination strategies remains an important area of research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.