ArticlePloS one2019
Comparison of community-based HIV counselling and testing (CBCT) through index client tracing and other modalities: Outcomes in 13 South African high HIV prevalence districts by gender and age.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of HIV Testing Implementation Strategies in Sub-Saharan African Countries.AIDS and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Analysis of Adolescent HIV Care Cascade Outcomes in PEPFAR-Supported Programs in Central America, October 2020-September 2024.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Human-Centered Design of an mHealth Tool for Optimizing HIV Index Testing in Wartime Ukraine: Formative Research Case Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- The Magnitude and Associated Factors of Early Index Case Testing Among Adult HIV Index Cases at Debre Markos Town High Load Health Facilities 2023.AIDS research and treatment · 2025Article
- Profile of partners who completed HIV testing and received a new HIV diagnosis in Ukraine's HIV index testing program: a retrospective cohort study to inform program improvement.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Observational
- Accelerating HIV and AIDS services delivery in Kigoma region, Tanzania.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Article
- Prevalence of and factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe: Results from population-based nationally representative surveys.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Treatment-adjusted prevalence to assess HIV testing programmes.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2021Article
- Predictors of attrition among adults in a rural HIV clinic in southern Mozambique: 18-year retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Annual home-based HIV testing in the Chókwè Health Demographic Surveillance System, Mozambique, 2014 to 2019: serial population-based survey evaluation.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Article
- Outcomes from a multimodal, at-scale community-based HIV counselling and testing programme in twelve high HIV burden districts in South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Article
- "I got tested at home, the help came to me": acceptability and feasibility of home-based TB testing of household contacts using portable molecular diagnostics in South Africa.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2021Article
- Index and targeted community-based testing to optimize HIV case finding and ART linkage among men in Zambia.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Article
- Development and Fidelity Testing of the Test@Work Digital Toolkit for Employers on Workplace Health Checks and Opt-In HIV Testing.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo increase HIV case finding in a Community-based HIV counselling and testing (CBCT) programme, an index client tracing modality was implemented to target index clients' sexual network and household members.
objectiveTo compare index client tracing modality's outcomes with other CBCT recruitment modalities (mobile, workplace, homebased), 2015-2017.
methodsTrained HIV counsellors identified HIV positive clients either through offering HIV tests to children and sexual partners of an HIV index client, or randomly offering HIV tests to anyone available in the community (mobile, home-based or workplace). Socio-demographic information and test results were recorded. Descriptive comparisons of client HIV test uptake and positivity were conducted by method of recruitment-index client tracing vs non-targeted community outreach.
resultsOf the 1 282 369 people who tested for HIV overall, the index modality tested 3.9% of them, 1.9% in year 1 and 6.0% in year 2. The index modality tested more females than males (55.8% vs 44.2%) overall and in each year; tested higher proportions of children than other modalities: 10.1% vs 2.6% among 1-4 years, 12.2% vs 2.6% among the 5-9 years and 9.6% vs 3.4% among the 10-15 years. The index modality identified higher HIV positivity proportions than other modalities overall (10.3% 95%CI 10.0-10.6 vs. 7.3% 95%CI 7.25-7.36), in year 1 (9.4%; 8.9-9.9 vs 6.5%; 6.45-6.57) and year 2 (10.6%; 10.3-10.9 vs 8.2%; 8.09-8.23). Higher proportions of females (7.5%;7.4-7.5) than males (5.5%;5.4-5.5) tested positive overall. Positivity increased by age up to 49y with year 2's increased targeting of sexual partners. Overall linkage to care rose from 33.3% in year 1 to 78.9% in year 2.
conclusionsIndex testing was less effective in reaching large numbers of clients, but more effective in reaching children and identifying HIV positive people than other modalities. Targeting HIV positive people's partners and children increases HIV case finding.
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Registered trials
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